Evaluation of reactivity of horses in the presence of unknown stimulus / Avaliação da reatividade de equinos na presença de estímulo sonoro desconhecido

The study aimed to evaluate reactivity of horses during usual brushing management against the repeated presence of an unknown sonorous stimulus. Twenty Mangalarga Marchador horses, distributed in different categories (mares and foals), were evaluated. The animals were allocated into the control treatment (N = 10) and the treatment with unknown sonorous stimulus (N = 10) from a rattle and a tambourine. Four consecutive evaluations were carried out first (day 0, 1, 2, 3). Two consecutive assessments were carried out after 30 days of the first collection (day 30 and 31), and two consecutive assessments were carried out 15 days after the second evaluation (day 45 and 46). The behavioral observations were made by assigning a score to behaviors of movement, position of ears and eyes, breathing, and vocalization during brushing management. A response variable called reactivity was attributed to each animal, ranging from score 1 (not reactive or calm animal) to reactivity score 4 (very reactive or aggressive animal). For statistical analysis, the results were adjusted to a logistic regression model using the categories, day, and treatment as covariates. The animals of the unknown stimuli showed greater reactivity. The days of the experimental period influenced the reactivity of animals between 6 and 7 months old, with a decrease in the possibilities of the animals to have a higher reac

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a reatividade de equinos durante o manejo habitual de escovação, frente à exposição repetida a um estímulo sonoro desconhecido. Para isto, foram utilizados 20 equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, de diferentes categorias (éguas e potros), os quais foram alocados aos tratamentos: controle (N = 10) e com estímulo sonoro desconhecido (N = 10), que consistia em confrontar os animais com o estímulo sonoro de um chocalho e um tamborim. Primeiramente, foram realizadas quatro avaliações consecutivas (dia 0, 1, 2, 3). Após 30 dias da primeira coleta, foram realizadas duas avaliações consecutivas (dia 30 e 31), e passados 15 dias desta, foram realizadas mais duas avaliações consecutivas (dia 45 e 46). As observações comportamentais foram feitas por meio da atribuição de escores aos comportamentos de movimentação, posição das orelhas e dos olhos, respiração e vocalização durante o manejo de escovação. Também foi conferida a variável resposta de reatividade com valores variando de 1 a 4 (animal não reativo ou calmo a animal muito reativo ou agressivo). Foi ajustado o modelo de regressão logística ordinal usando como covariáveis as categorias, dia e tratamento. A reatividade dos animais com estímulo sonoro desconhecido foi maior. Os dias do período experimental influenciaram a reatividade dos animais entre 6 e 7 meses de idade, com diminuição das c

Use of lipopolysaccharide (E. coli) as stress inducing in sheep in intermediate stage of pregnancy / Uso de lipolissacarídeo (E. coli) como indutor de estresse em ovinos na fase intermedíaria da gestação

To analyze stress during the intermediate stage of gestation, 43 multiparous, crossbred Santa Inês, pregnant ewes, with a average age of 5 and average body weight (BW) of 60kg, were challenged with a intravenous administration of 0.8µg.kg-1 of LPS (lipopolysaccharide E. coli - outer membrane cell of gram-negative bacteria), diluted in physiological saline solution - simulating an immune stressor. The females were placed in individual cages at feedlot, with adaptation period of 5 days before the begin of sampling, with free access to good water quality, shade and food in the trough (corn silage and mineral supplementation). The ewes were divided into three groups, with a completely randomized design (CRD): CG - control group, with 15 animals that were not subjected to stress; IG - intermediate group stage, with 14 animals undergoing stress at 70 days of gestation; FG final group, made up of 14 animals undergoing stress at 120 days of gestation. The variables used to investigate stress were measured during the intermediate stages of pregnancy in a 24 hour sampling, with this was possible to observe the change in rectal temperature (RT) and blood levels of cortisol by its circadian rhythm. Shortly after the baseline sampling, the treatment corresponding to the intermediate stage of gestation was submitted to stress, with the sampling interval of one hour each, from the first to

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Gestational stress in sheep and lambs at birth / Estresse gestacional em ovelhas e cordeiros no momento do parto

The stress in animals is linked with possible unusual changes that reduce the individual welfare. These changes generally related to the environment or to animal physiology cause imbalance in the biological reactions as a defense by releasing certain substances, including cortisol. There are few studies which indicate that there is heritable consequences promoted by cortisol generated by stress during pregnancy on the first hours of life of the lamb and the gestational phase (days of gestation) in which stress was promoted also interferes with it. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate during the delivery time the cortisol levels of lambs and sheep subjected to stress in different weeks of pregnancy and the effect on the birth weight of the lambs. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of FZEA/USP (13.1.2109.74.8). Forty crossbred Santa Ines ewes, multiparous, with an average age of 5 years and 60 kg of body weight (BW), grazing on Coast-cross were used (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) on rotated system, with free access to shade, water and mineral supplementation. All experimental ewes were artificially inseminated with semen from White Dorper breed. During gestation, the ewes were divided into three groups on a completely randomized design: CG - control group of 15 animals that were not subjected to stress; GI - intermediate group of 12 animals that suffered stress at 7

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Thermal regulation in horses submitted to exercise at different times of the day / Termorregulação em equinos submetidos a exercício em diferentes períodos do dia

It is evident the necessity of a better understanding regarding the influence of warmth on the performance of horses in training, establishing that an efficient thermoregulation is essential to provide the physiological demands resulting from effort required and the climatic variables which the animal is exposed. This study aimed to evaluate thermoregulation in horses subjected to 30 minutes of exercise during three periods of the day with different air temperatures and to compare two techniques for measuring the sweating rate (SR) and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Three castrated crossbred horses were submitted to a series of half an hour of exercise at different moments (07:00, 13:00, 16:00 hours), carried out as follows: 3 minutes walking, 3 minutes of canter, 10 minutes of trot, 10 minutes of canter, 2 minutes of trot and 2 minutes of canter. Relative humidity, black globe and air temperature were 50%, 34Cº and 20.8ºC; 62%, 35ºC and 28.8Cº; 48%, 34.5Cº and 27.4Cº; respectively for the three periods. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), body surface temperature (BST), SR through the methodology of Schleger and Turner (1965) and TEWL measured by VapoMeter (Delfin, Finland) were taken before and after exercise. Model for analysis of variance included fixed effects of time and moments, and the means were compared by Tukey test or T at 5% of significance. Signifi

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Reactivity and levels of cortisol, glucose and insulin in confined lambs supplemented with chrome / Reatividade e níveis de cortisol, glicose e insulina em cordeiros confinados suplementados com cromo

Several strategies have been studied to reduce the stress suffered by the animals during handling and all managements that are included in a routine. Among them, the effects of supplementation with chromium in the diet of ruminants have been fairly analyzed by reducing serum cortisol levels. Thus this study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary chromium supplementation on indicators of welfare of confined sheep. Sixty-four crossbred lambs White Dorper x Santa Ines, weaned at sixty days old, were divided into two groups for confinement for sixty days: control group and the group that received supplementation of 2 mg organic chromium daily. Every 14 days, the animals were weighed after fasting for 12 hours. Simultaneously, the reactivity of lambs was evaluated by scoring during the stay in the balance, followed by the flight speed, according to a composite score scale (CSS) consisted of a compilation which integrated the four scores described above, as follows: 1. Quiet and Docile animal (Breathing score = 1 or 2; vocalization score = 0; movement = 1; flight speed = 1); 2. Low reactivity or Alive (Breathing score = 2; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 2; flight speed = 2); 3. Average reactivity or Restless (Breathing score = 2 or 3; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 3; flight speed = 3 or 4); 4. Very Reactive or Disturbed (Breathing score = 3; vocalizatio

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Transepidermal water loss in ewes submitted to sun exposure / Perda de água transepidérmica em ovelhas submetidas à exposição ao sol

The work aims to determine thermolysis capacity by losses by sweating using trans epidermal water loss values (TEWL) and by tachypnea. Fifty six Santa Ines ewes were divided in facilities having covered area with a cement oor and ber cement roof panels (4 m high, 8 x 10 m) and uncovered area with hard dirt floor (15 x 15 m). Thermolysis capacity was evaluated using heat stress challenge in three consecutive days, in which animals stayed under the shade, from 08:00 to 13:00 h, when the rst sample was taken (T0: 08:00 h). From 13:00 to 14:00 h, they stayed in sunny place for 1 h, and the second sample was taken (T1: 14:00h). Then, animals went back to the shade, where they stayed for more 45 minutes (14:0014:45 h), and the third sample was taken (T2: 14:45h). TEWL with a VapoMeter (Delfin, Finland), respiratory rate (RR) by count of movements per minute and rectal temperature (RT) with a digital thermometer were collected in all sampling times. During the heat challenge, air temperature and relative humidity were measured under the shade and in the sun (Table 1). Variance analysis with multiple comparisons of means by Tukey test at 5% was performed. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of USP (12.1.755.74.9). The highest values of TEWL, RR and RT were found shortly after 1 hour of sunshine (P 0.05, Table 2). Despite TEWL and RR decreased after 45 minutes under the sh

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Effect of aversive treatment on lactating piglets behavior / Efeito de um tratamento aversivo no comportamento de leitões em lactação

The work aims to analize the behavior response and the ability to cope stressors when the piglets are exposed to aggressive treatment during the lactation phase. The behavior of 40 piglets was observed from birth to weaning (28 days). In the first fifteen days the observations were done every three days, with an interval of another three days. After this period, the observations were done once a week.  Over a period of three hours, every five minutes it was registered the animal behavior. The group was divided into two treatments: rational group, where 18 piglets had minimal interaction with people and it was permitted the routine practice without sudden movements and loud sounds; and the aversive treatment, where 22 piglets received the daily routine of the farm, however, on every half hour during observations the observer performed a direct threat to the sow going into the cage with a flag and abruptly approach the animal, shouting or clapping. To avoid visual contact with the observer, he was located behind the maternity cage. Analysis of variance with fixed effects of time and time and means were compared by Tukey test or T at 5% of significance. In aversive treatment piglets spent most time at rest or exploring (P>0.05). However, in rational treatment the piglets remained resting most of the time (P 0.05). The interactions between pigs in the first phase of life are

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Effect of aversive treatment on lactating piglets behavior / Efeito de um tratamento aversivo no comportamento de leitões em lactação

The work aims to analize the behavior response and the ability to cope stressors when the piglets are exposed to aggressive treatment during the lactation phase. The behavior of 40 piglets was observed from birth to weaning (28 days). In the first fifteen days the observations were done every three days, with an interval of another three days. After this period, the observations were done once a week.  Over a period of three hours, every five minutes it was registered the animal behavior. The group was divided into two treatments: rational group, where 18 piglets had minimal interaction with people and it was permitted the routine practice without sudden movements and loud sounds; and the aversive treatment, where 22 piglets received the daily routine of the farm, however, on every half hour during observations the observer performed a direct threat to the sow going into the cage with a flag and abruptly approach the animal, shouting or clapping. To avoid visual contact with the observer, he was located behind the maternity cage. Analysis of variance with fixed effects of time and time and means were compared by Tukey test or T at 5% of significance. In aversive treatment piglets spent most time at rest or exploring (P>0.05). However, in rational treatment the piglets remained resting most of the time (P 0.05). The interactions between pigs in the first phase of life are

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Transepidermal water loss in ewes submitted to sun exposure / Perda de água transepidérmica em ovelhas submetidas à exposição ao sol

The work aims to determine thermolysis capacity by losses by sweating using trans epidermal water loss values (TEWL) and by tachypnea. Fifty six Santa Ines ewes were divided in facilities having covered area with a cement oor and ber cement roof panels (4 m high, 8 x 10 m) and uncovered area with hard dirt floor (15 x 15 m). Thermolysis capacity was evaluated using heat stress challenge in three consecutive days, in which animals stayed under the shade, from 08:00 to 13:00 h, when the rst sample was taken (T0: 08:00 h). From 13:00 to 14:00 h, they stayed in sunny place for 1 h, and the second sample was taken (T1: 14:00h). Then, animals went back to the shade, where they stayed for more 45 minutes (14:0014:45 h), and the third sample was taken (T2: 14:45h). TEWL with a VapoMeter (Delfin, Finland), respiratory rate (RR) by count of movements per minute and rectal temperature (RT) with a digital thermometer were collected in all sampling times. During the heat challenge, air temperature and relative humidity were measured under the shade and in the sun (Table 1). Variance analysis with multiple comparisons of means by Tukey test at 5% was performed. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of USP (12.1.755.74.9). The highest values of TEWL, RR and RT were found shortly after 1 hour of sunshine (P 0.05, Table 2). Despite TEWL and RR decreased after 45 minutes under the sh

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Reactivity and levels of cortisol, glucose and insulin in confined lambs supplemented with chrome / Reatividade e níveis de cortisol, glicose e insulina em cordeiros confinados suplementados com cromo

Several strategies have been studied to reduce the stress suffered by the animals during handling and all managements that are included in a routine. Among them, the effects of supplementation with chromium in the diet of ruminants have been fairly analyzed by reducing serum cortisol levels. Thus this study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary chromium supplementation on indicators of welfare of confined sheep. Sixty-four crossbred lambs White Dorper x Santa Ines, weaned at sixty days old, were divided into two groups for confinement for sixty days: control group and the group that received supplementation of 2 mg organic chromium daily. Every 14 days, the animals were weighed after fasting for 12 hours. Simultaneously, the reactivity of lambs was evaluated by scoring during the stay in the balance, followed by the flight speed, according to a composite score scale (CSS) consisted of a compilation which integrated the four scores described above, as follows: 1. Quiet and Docile animal (Breathing score = 1 or 2; vocalization score = 0; movement = 1; flight speed = 1); 2. Low reactivity or Alive (Breathing score = 2; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 2; flight speed = 2); 3. Average reactivity or Restless (Breathing score = 2 or 3; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 3; flight speed = 3 or 4); 4. Very Reactive or Disturbed (Breathing score = 3; vocalizatio

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Thermal regulation in horses submitted to exercise at different times of the day / Termorregulação em equinos submetidos a exercício em diferentes períodos do dia

It is evident the necessity of a better understanding regarding the influence of warmth on the performance of horses in training, establishing that an efficient thermoregulation is essential to provide the physiological demands resulting from effort required and the climatic variables which the animal is exposed. This study aimed to evaluate thermoregulation in horses subjected to 30 minutes of exercise during three periods of the day with different air temperatures and to compare two techniques for measuring the sweating rate (SR) and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Three castrated crossbred horses were submitted to a series of half an hour of exercise at different moments (07:00, 13:00, 16:00 hours), carried out as follows: 3 minutes walking, 3 minutes of canter, 10 minutes of trot, 10 minutes of canter, 2 minutes of trot and 2 minutes of canter. Relative humidity, black globe and air temperature were 50%, 34Cº and 20.8ºC; 62%, 35ºC and 28.8Cº; 48%, 34.5Cº and 27.4Cº; respectively for the three periods. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), body surface temperature (BST), SR through the methodology of Schleger and Turner (1965) and TEWL measured by VapoMeter (Delfin, Finland) were taken before and after exercise. Model for analysis of variance included fixed effects of time and moments, and the means were compared by Tukey test or T at 5% of significance. Signifi

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Gestational stress in sheep and lambs at birth / Estresse gestacional em ovelhas e cordeiros no momento do parto

The stress in animals is linked with possible unusual changes that reduce the individual welfare. These changes generally related to the environment or to animal physiology cause imbalance in the biological reactions as a defense by releasing certain substances, including cortisol. There are few studies which indicate that there is heritable consequences promoted by cortisol generated by stress during pregnancy on the first hours of life of the lamb and the gestational phase (days of gestation) in which stress was promoted also interferes with it. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate during the delivery time the cortisol levels of lambs and sheep subjected to stress in different weeks of pregnancy and the effect on the birth weight of the lambs. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of FZEA/USP (13.1.2109.74.8). Forty crossbred Santa Ines ewes, multiparous, with an average age of 5 years and 60 kg of body weight (BW), grazing on Coast-cross were used (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) on rotated system, with free access to shade, water and mineral supplementation. All experimental ewes were artificially inseminated with semen from White Dorper breed. During gestation, the ewes were divided into three groups on a completely randomized design: CG - control group of 15 animals that were not subjected to stress; GI - intermediate group of 12 animals that suffered stress at 7

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Use of lipopolysaccharide (E. coli) as stress inducing in sheep in intermediate stage of pregnancy / Uso de lipolissacarídeo (E. coli) como indutor de estresse em ovinos na fase intermedíaria da gestação

To analyze stress during the intermediate stage of gestation, 43 multiparous, crossbred Santa Inês, pregnant ewes, with a average age of 5 and average body weight (BW) of 60kg, were challenged with a intravenous administration of 0.8µg.kg-1 of LPS (lipopolysaccharide E. coli - outer membrane cell of gram-negative bacteria), diluted in physiological saline solution - simulating an immune stressor. The females were placed in individual cages at feedlot, with adaptation period of 5 days before the begin of sampling, with free access to good water quality, shade and food in the trough (corn silage and mineral supplementation). The ewes were divided into three groups, with a completely randomized design (CRD): CG - control group, with 15 animals that were not subjected to stress; IG - intermediate group stage, with 14 animals undergoing stress at 70 days of gestation; FG final group, made up of 14 animals undergoing stress at 120 days of gestation. The variables used to investigate stress were measured during the intermediate stages of pregnancy in a 24 hour sampling, with this was possible to observe the change in rectal temperature (RT) and blood levels of cortisol by its circadian rhythm. Shortly after the baseline sampling, the treatment corresponding to the intermediate stage of gestation was submitted to stress, with the sampling interval of one hour each, from the first to

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Heat tolerance of Santa Ines ewes with light and dark colored pelage / Tolerância ao calor em ovelhas Santa Inês de pelagem clara e escura

The heat tolerance index (HTI) of 16 light colored and 15 dark colored pelage of Santa Inês breed was evaluated. This study was carried out on hot days with BGHI greater than 90. In order to calculate HTI (10 (RT2 - RT1)) rectal temperature (RT) was recorded at 01:00 p.m. (RT1) after two hours of rest in the shade. Later they were exposed to direct sun light for one hour and then they rested one more hour under shade, when the RT2 was recorded at 03:00 p.m. A completely randomized design was used to analyze hair length (HL), coat thickness (CT), skin temperature (TS) and coat temperature (TC). No differences on RT were observed between light colored and dark colored hair coat ewes, but all of them raised their temperatures (P

Objetivou-se avaliar o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC) em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, 16 de pelagem clara e 15 de pelagem negra, na época do calor, com ITGU superior a 90. Para o cálculo do índice foram registradas as temperaturas retais (TR) às 13 h (TR1), após duas horas em descanso na sombra; em seguida, os animais ficaram expostos ao sol por uma hora e, depois, à sombra por mais uma hora, quando se registrou a TR2, às 15 h (10 (TR2 TR1)). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar comprimento do pelo (CP), espessura do pelame (EP), temperatura da pele (TPele) e do pelame (TP). Não houve efeito da cor do pelame na TR das ovelhas Santa Inês. Todas as ovelhas aumentaram a TR após o estresse (P

Electrolyte concentration in sweat, urine, blood and feces of horses undergone to different temperatures / Concentração de eletrólitos em eqüinos submetidos a diferentes temperaturas

This study aimed to quantify sweat, urine and fecal losses of sodium, potassium and chloride and its variations in blood concentration of equine ones in rest subjected to the climatic predominant conditions in Brazil. Eight 13-mo-old Arabian-crossbred filies were used, four accommodated ones in cages for metabolic individual studies in open shed, covered with roof and exposed to a maximum temperature of 28.33 ± 0.81C, and four in climatic chamber with environment heated to the maximum temperature of 35.33 ± 0.81C. Electrolyte concentration in sweat, urine, blood and feces were measured. After 25 days of adaptation to cages, six days for sampling were performed. Individual and daily feed and water intake, sweating rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, urine and fecal excretion were recorded. Significantly higher urinary and sweat electrolyte loss in those animals exposed to hotter conditions indicate the need of an increase in mineral supplementation in equine nutrition in Brazil.

Objetivou-se com este projeto quantificar as perdas sudativas, urinárias e fecais e a variação da concentração sangüínea de cloreto, sódio e potássio de eqüinos em repouso submetidos às condições climáticas predominantes no Brasil. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas mestiças da raça Árabe, de 13 meses de idade em média, quatro alojadas em gaiolas para estudos metabólicos individuais em galpão aberto, com cobertura em telha cerâmica, em ambiente natural, e temperatura média máxima de 28,33 ± 0,81C, e quatro em câmara climática com ambiente aquecido à temperatura máxima de 35,33 ± 0,81C. Foram analisadas as concentrações dos eletrólitos no suor, no sangue, nas fezes e na urina. Após 25 dias de adaptação às gaiolas, procedeu-se à coleta das amostras durante seis dias. Foram registrados o consumo individual diário de volumoso, concentrado e água, a taxa de sudação, a freqüência respiratória, a temperatura retal e a excreção diária de urina e fezes. As perdas significativamente maiores de eletrólitos por via urinária e sudativa nos animais submetidos a temperaturas mais elevadas justificam uma revisão na suplementação destes elementos na alimentação de eqüinos no Brasil.

Electrolyte concentration in sweat, urine, blood and feces of horses undergone to different temperatures / Concentração de eletrólitos em eqüinos submetidos a diferentes temperaturas

This study aimed to quantify sweat, urine and fecal losses of sodium, potassium and chloride and its variations in blood concentration of equine ones in rest subjected to the climatic predominant conditions in Brazil. Eight 13-mo-old Arabian-crossbred filies were used, four accommodated ones in cages for metabolic individual studies in open shed, covered with roof and exposed to a maximum temperature of 28.33 ± 0.81C, and four in climatic chamber with environment heated to the maximum temperature of 35.33 ± 0.81C. Electrolyte concentration in sweat, urine, blood and feces were measured. After 25 days of adaptation to cages, six days for sampling were performed. Individual and daily feed and water intake, sweating rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, urine and fecal excretion were recorded. Significantly higher urinary and sweat electrolyte loss in those animals exposed to hotter conditions indicate the need of an increase in mineral supplementation in equine nutrition in Brazil.

Objetivou-se com este projeto quantificar as perdas sudativas, urinárias e fecais e a variação da concentração sangüínea de cloreto, sódio e potássio de eqüinos em repouso submetidos às condições climáticas predominantes no Brasil. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas mestiças da raça Árabe, de 13 meses de idade em média, quatro alojadas em gaiolas para estudos metabólicos individuais em galpão aberto, com cobertura em telha cerâmica, em ambiente natural, e temperatura média máxima de 28,33 ± 0,81C, e quatro em câmara climática com ambiente aquecido à temperatura máxima de 35,33 ± 0,81C. Foram analisadas as concentrações dos eletrólitos no suor, no sangue, nas fezes e na urina. Após 25 dias de adaptação às gaiolas, procedeu-se à coleta das amostras durante seis dias. Foram registrados o consumo individual diário de volumoso, concentrado e água, a taxa de sudação, a freqüência respiratória, a temperatura retal e a excreção diária de urina e fezes. As perdas significativamente maiores de eletrólitos por via urinária e sudativa nos animais submetidos a temperaturas mais elevadas justificam uma revisão na suplementação destes elementos na alimentação de eqüinos no Brasil.

Heat tolerance of Santa Ines ewes with light and dark colored pelage / Tolerância ao calor em ovelhas Santa Inês de pelagem clara e escura

The heat tolerance index (HTI) of 16 light colored and 15 dark colored pelage of Santa Inês breed was evaluated. This study was carried out on hot days with BGHI greater than 90. In order to calculate HTI (10 (RT2 - RT1)) rectal temperature (RT) was recorded at 01:00 p.m. (RT1) after two hours of rest in the shade. Later they were exposed to direct sun light for one hour and then they rested one more hour under shade, when the RT2 was recorded at 03:00 p.m. A completely randomized design was used to analyze hair length (HL), coat thickness (CT), skin temperature (TS) and coat temperature (TC). No differences on RT were observed between light colored and dark colored hair coat ewes, but all of them raised their temperatures (P

Objetivou-se avaliar o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC) em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, 16 de pelagem clara e 15 de pelagem negra, na época do calor, com ITGU superior a 90. Para o cálculo do índice foram registradas as temperaturas retais (TR) às 13 h (TR1), após duas horas em descanso na sombra; em seguida, os animais ficaram expostos ao sol por uma hora e, depois, à sombra por mais uma hora, quando se registrou a TR2, às 15 h (10 (TR2 TR1)). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar comprimento do pelo (CP), espessura do pelame (EP), temperatura da pele (TPele) e do pelame (TP). Não houve efeito da cor do pelame na TR das ovelhas Santa Inês. Todas as ovelhas aumentaram a TR após o estresse (P

Heat tolerance of unshorn and shorn Suffolk and Ile de France ewes / Tolerância ao calor em ovelhas Suffolk e Ile de France antes e após tosquia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the heat tolerance index (HTI) in 11 Suffolk and 12 Ile de France, in the summer, in Nova Odessa (22º42"S and 47º18"W), São Paulo State, Brazil. To calculate this index the rectal temperature was registered at 1 p.m. (RT1), before they spent two hours resting in the shade. Then, they were exposed to direct sun light for an hour. After one more hour in the shade, it was registered the RT2, at 3 p.m. They stayed all this time without food and water. The HTI was calculated: 10 - (RT2 - RT1). The ewes were evaluated in sunny days, without clouds and wind, before (10, 11, 12, 13/Jan/2006) and after shearing (3, 8, 15/Feb/2006). The RT data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of the SAS software package, whereby breed, time of data sampling, shearing and interaction were modeled as fixed effects, and individual animal and date of data sampling as random effects. The same procedure as above was used to analyze the ITC, using a mathematical model that included the fixed effects of breed, and shearing in addition to the random effects of individual animal and date of data sampling, modeled with a generalized linear model. Climatic variables were taken in the moment of registering the RT and the black globe and humidity index was greater than 90 for the two times. The RT of Suffolk ewes (39.31ºC) was similar to the RT of Ile de France (39

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC) em 11 ovelhas da raça Suffolk e 12 Ile de France, no verão, em Nova Odessa, Estado de São Paulo. Para o cálculo do índice, foram registradas as temperaturas retais às 13 horas (TR1), após duas horas em descanso na sombra; em seguida, os animais ficaram uma hora expostos ao sol, e voltaram para a sombra, onde, então, registrou-se a TR2, às 15 horas. Durante todo esse período, ficaram sem água e comida. O índice foi calculado segundo a fórmula: 10 - (TR2 - TR1). As ovelhas foram avaliadas em 10, 11, 12, 13/01/2006, antes da tosquia, e 3, 8, 15/02/2006, após a tosquia, em dias quentes, sem nebulosidade, e com baixa velocidade do ar. A TR foi analisada com o procedimento GLIMMIX do programa SAS, e teve como efeitos fixos: raça, horário, lã (com e sem) e as interações entre esses, e como efeitos aleatórios: animal e dia dentro da interação (raça x lã). Na análise do ITC, foi utilizado o mesmo procedimento, com um modelo matemático que incluiu o efeito fixo de raça e lã, e os efeitos aleatórios de animal e dia dentro da interação (raça x lã), com a metodologia dos modelos lineares generalizados. Variáveis ambientais foram registradas nos horários de coleta da TR, e o índice de temperatura do globo negro ao sol e umidade foi, em média, superior a 90 nos dois horários observados. A TR média das ovelhas Suffolk (39

Heat tolerance of unshorn and shorn Suffolk and Ile de France ewes / Tolerância ao calor em ovelhas Suffolk e Ile de France antes e após tosquia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the heat tolerance index (HTI) in 11 Suffolk and 12 Ile de France, in the summer, in Nova Odessa (22º42"S and 47º18"W), São Paulo State, Brazil. To calculate this index the rectal temperature was registered at 1 p.m. (RT1), before they spent two hours resting in the shade. Then, they were exposed to direct sun light for an hour. After one more hour in the shade, it was registered the RT2, at 3 p.m. They stayed all this time without food and water. The HTI was calculated: 10 - (RT2 - RT1). The ewes were evaluated in sunny days, without clouds and wind, before (10, 11, 12, 13/Jan/2006) and after shearing (3, 8, 15/Feb/2006). The RT data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of the SAS software package, whereby breed, time of data sampling, shearing and interaction were modeled as fixed effects, and individual animal and date of data sampling as random effects. The same procedure as above was used to analyze the ITC, using a mathematical model that included the fixed effects of breed, and shearing in addition to the random effects of individual animal and date of data sampling, modeled with a generalized linear model. Climatic variables were taken in the moment of registering the RT and the black globe and humidity index was greater than 90 for the two times. The RT of Suffolk ewes (39.31ºC) was similar to the RT of Ile de France (39

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC) em 11 ovelhas da raça Suffolk e 12 Ile de France, no verão, em Nova Odessa, Estado de São Paulo. Para o cálculo do índice, foram registradas as temperaturas retais às 13 horas (TR1), após duas horas em descanso na sombra; em seguida, os animais ficaram uma hora expostos ao sol, e voltaram para a sombra, onde, então, registrou-se a TR2, às 15 horas. Durante todo esse período, ficaram sem água e comida. O índice foi calculado segundo a fórmula: 10 - (TR2 - TR1). As ovelhas foram avaliadas em 10, 11, 12, 13/01/2006, antes da tosquia, e 3, 8, 15/02/2006, após a tosquia, em dias quentes, sem nebulosidade, e com baixa velocidade do ar. A TR foi analisada com o procedimento GLIMMIX do programa SAS, e teve como efeitos fixos: raça, horário, lã (com e sem) e as interações entre esses, e como efeitos aleatórios: animal e dia dentro da interação (raça x lã). Na análise do ITC, foi utilizado o mesmo procedimento, com um modelo matemático que incluiu o efeito fixo de raça e lã, e os efeitos aleatórios de animal e dia dentro da interação (raça x lã), com a metodologia dos modelos lineares generalizados. Variáveis ambientais foram registradas nos horários de coleta da TR, e o índice de temperatura do globo negro ao sol e umidade foi, em média, superior a 90 nos dois horários observados. A TR média das ovelhas Suffolk (39

Behaviour of grazing water buffaloes depending on the availability of shade and water for imersion / Comportamento de bubalinos a pasto frente a disponibilidade de sombra e água para imersão

Water buffaloes are particularly intolerant to direct solar radiation. During the warm periods of the day, the animals tend to search for mud or water puddles to refresh themselves, and they usually graze only during the cooler hours. This trial, proposes to study possible handling solutions for buffalo producers using the behavioral responses. 10 female buffaloes aging 24 months were observed for 3 days (from 06:00 to 18:00 h) in each of the handling systems:with natural and artificial shade (S); with artificial shade and pond (SA); with pond (A). The animals were observed in their location (under sun, under shadow, in water), attitude (standing, laying) and activity (grazing, ruminating, etc.). The animals spent more than 60% of the time in the sun (S:63,9%, SA: 64,5%, A: 71,9%), mostly ruminating. In the shade or in the pond, the main behaviors were rumination and inactivity. The use of the pond was remarkably preferential (SA: 237,7 minutes, A: 205,1 minutes). The results revealed a demand for any protection device against solar radiation for buffaloes on hot days, and, whenever available; water for immersion must be a priority. KEY-WORDS: Ethology, grazing, water buffaloes, welfare.

Os búfalos são particularmente intolerantes à radiação solar direta. Durante os períodos quentes do dia, os animais tendem a procurar poças de água ou lama para se refrescarem e usualmente pastejam apenas nas horas de menor temperatura. O presente trabalho propõe estudar soluções de manejo possíveis ao bubalinocultor através de respostas comportamentais. O ensaio utilizou dez búfalas de 24 meses, observadas por três dias (das seis às dezoito horas) em cada sistema de manejo a pasto: com sombra natural e artificial (S); com sombra artificial e água para imersão (SA); com água para imersão (A), quanto à sua posição (sol, sombra, água), postura (em pé ou deitado) e atividade (pastando, ruminando etc.). Os animais passaram mais de 60% do tempo ao sol (S: 63,9%, SA: 64,5%, A:71,9%), mormente pastejando. Na sombra e na água os principais comportamentos foram ruminação e ócio. O uso da água foi notadamente preferencial (SA: 237,7 minutos, A: 205,1 minutos). Os resultados revelam a necessidade do uso de recursos de proteção contra a radiação solar para búfalos em dias quentes e que, quando disponível, a oferta de água para imersão deve ser priorizada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bubalinos, conforto térmico, etologia, pastejo.