ABSTRACT
Complimentary to classical hydroboration and boron-Wittig reactions, a new, efficient access to cyclic 1,3-dienyl boronic esters has been developed via diene or triene metathesis. Subsequently, fused pyrroles were synthesized with a broad substrate scope from the reaction of cyclic 1,3-dienyl boronic esters with arylnitroso compounds using a one-pot hetero-Diels-Alder/ring contraction sequence.
ABSTRACT
Magnetic nerve stimulation (MNS) may be a less painful alternative to electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) for Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) measurement, however standard MNS (sMNS) techniques utilize a short stimulus duration, thereby limiting its use for H-reflex assessment. This limitation may be partly overcome by coupling two magnetic stimulators to increase the pulse duration (coupled MNS: cMNS). The aim of this study was to test this assumption by comparing the H-reflex characteristics evoked by ENS, sMNS and cMNS. Thirteen healthy volunteers were tested with ENS and both MNS in the prone position. Maximal soleus H-reflex (Hmax) and M-wave (Mmax) amplitudes were measured to compute the Hmax/Mmax ratio. Hmax was evoked at rest and during both isometric submaximal (10%MVC) and maximal plantar-flexions (MVC). At rest, MNS techniques underestimated Hmax (ENS: 8.32⯱â¯2.73â¯mV; sMNS: 6.85⯱â¯2.29â¯mV; cMNS: 7.48⯱â¯2.23â¯mV; pâ¯<â¯0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed for Hmax/Mmax (ENS: 0.59⯱â¯0.17; sMNS: 0.45⯱â¯0.28; cMNS: 0.47⯱â¯0.29; pâ¯=â¯0.11). sMNS, cMNS and ENS similarly detected Hmax facilitation during MVC (ENS: +120⯱â¯248%; sMNS: +228⯱â¯350%; cMNS: +162⯱â¯180% of the rest value; pâ¯=â¯0.344). Owing to their shorter stimulus duration, both MNS techniques underestimated the Hmax compared to ENS. However, when the gold standard ENS technique cannot be used, coupled MNS may be recommended since it provides better H-reflex characteristic assessment than standard MNS due to its longer stimulus duration.
Subject(s)
Electric Stimulation/methods , H-Reflex , Magnetic Fields , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Adult , Electromyography , Female , Humans , Male , Muscle Contraction , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Recruitment, Neurophysiological , Young AdultABSTRACT
Cationic amphiphilic random copolyesters were obtained by copolymerization of 5-Z-amino-δ-valerolactone and ε-caprolactone. The amino content of the final copolymers was controlled by the polymerization feed ratio and was in the range 10 to 100%. Copolymers solubility and aggregation behavior was assessed by conductometric and zeta potential analyses. A critical aggregation concentration of ca. 0.05% (w/v) was found for all water-soluble copolymers that formed nanoaggregates. Two populations were found to be present in equilibrium with hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 30-50 and 100-250 nm. The capacity to use the amphiphilic and cationic character of the nanoaggregates to encapsulate highly hydrophobic compounds was further investigated. Finally, copolymers hemo- and cytocompatibility were evaluated by hemagglutination, hemolysis, and cells proliferation tests. The results showed that the proposed cationic amphiphilic random copolyesters are biocompatible.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Nanostructures/chemistry , Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry , Polyamines/chemistry , Surface-Active Agents/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Fibroblasts/chemistry , Fibroblasts/cytology , Mice , Molecular Structure , Particle Size , Polyamines/chemical synthesis , Polyamines/metabolism , Polyelectrolytes , Solubility , Surface Properties , Surface-Active Agents/chemical synthesis , Surface-Active Agents/metabolismABSTRACT
One hundred and ninety-four primary knee arthroplasties were done between 1992 and 1998 with Alpina Postero-Stabilized prosthesis. Eighty-eight knees were available for the long-term follow-up at a mean of 12 years. The mean IKS score improved from 103.1 ± 21.9 points preoperatively to 161.5 ± 25.6 at the latest follow-up (P < 0.001). Eighty-four percent of the knees were rated good and excellent. The mean flexion significantly improved from 110° preoperatively to 117.5° at the latest follow-up (P < 0.001). Two knees were revised: 1 due to infection and 1 due to femorotibial malalignment. Eight other knees were revised: 7 for isolated patella addition, 1 for patella replacement. Excluding patella failure, the 12-year Kaplan-Meier survivorship for the entire cohort was 98.8 (95% CI, 97.2-100%). Alpina Postero-Stabilized TKA showed good long-term results.
