Sleep profile in a population of community-dwelling nonagenarians: data from the Mugello study.

BACKGROUND: Very few studies have investigated sleep characteristics in the oldest-old individuals (aged ≥85 years) and data collected often rely on self-reported information. This study had three aims: (i) to objectively assess, using a wearable device, the sleep characteristics of a large community of oldest-old subjects; (ii) to assess differences in sleep parameters between self-reported 'good sleepers' and 'bad sleepers'; (iii) to assess whether there was a relationship between sleep parameters and cognitive status in this community-dwelling population. METHODS: There were 178 subjects (74.2% women, median age 92 years) included in the 'Mugello study', who wore an armband 24 h/day for at least two consecutive nights to estimate sleep parameters. The perceived sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the cognitive status through the Mini-Mental State Examination. Continuous variables were compared between men/women, and good/bad sleepers with the independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, according to data distribution. Chi-square test was used for categorical/dichotomous variables. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to study the possible association between sleep parameters and cognitive function. RESULTS: Participants spent in bed nearly 9 h, with a total sleep time of 7 h, a sleep onset latency of 17 min, and a sleep efficiency of 83%. Sleep onset latency was significantly associated with different cognitive levels when age and education level were considered. No significant difference in sleep parameters estimated using the SenseWear armband were found between poor (n = 136, 76.4%) and good sleepers (n = 42, 23.6%), identified according to the PSQI. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, actigraphic measurements revealed that subjects with a cognitive decline were more prone to increased sleep onset latency. Sleep quality assessed using the PSQI was not coherent with actigraphic measurements in this sample, supporting the need for objective measures when investigating sleep quality in the oldest-old population.

Assessing Relationships between Physically Demanding Work and Late-Life Disability in Italian Nonagenarian Women Living in a Rural Area.

As more and more persons live into their 90s and beyond, investigating causes of disability in the oldest-old population is relevant for public health implications to plan preventive strategies and rehabilitation interventions. A negative association between physically demanding work and midlife physical function has been shown, but there is a paucity of longitudinal studies investigating possible work-related long-term effects in the oldest old. This study investigates the relationship between physically demanding work exposure and late-life physical performances, disability, general health status, and quality of life in a sample of women aged 90 years and over inside the Mugello Study. Sociodemographic data, cognitive and functional status, lifestyle, medical history, drug use, and work history were collected from 236 participants. Farmers had a lower percentage of individuals with preserved independence in basic activities of daily living compared to other occupations. However, in the multivariate analysis, only a higher cognitive function remained associated with functional independence. While confirming the well-known association between cognitive and functional decline in very old age, our results do not support the hypothesis that the negative effects of physical work exposure observed in midlife are relevant to predict disability in nonagenarian women.

Ventilatory strategies in the six-minute walk test in older patients receiving a three-week rehabilitation programme after cardiac surgery through median sternotomy.

BACKGROUND: Although the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is widely used in cardiac rehabilitation, little is known about the ventilatory strategies adopted by older patients who have recently undergone median sternotomy, in order to meet the increased metabolic demand in the 6MWT. METHODS: Using a portable gas-analyser we assessed the breathing patterns in the 6MWT before and after a 3-week rehabilitation programme in 84 older patients, 58 men and 26 women, mean age 71 years (standard deviation (SD) 6 years), who had undergone median sternotomy. RESULTS: After rehabilitation, patients increased end-test ventilation (33.1 l (SD 9.8) vs. 30.9 l (SD 8.4), p < 0.001) by increasing tidal volume (1.158 l (SD 0.298) vs. 1.065 l (SD 0.255), p < 0.001), while breathing frequency remained unchanged (29.9 bpm (SD 5.4) vs. 30.2 bpm (SD 5.8), p = 0.621). As a consequence, the ventilatory equivalent for CO2, was significantly improved (39.9 (SD 5.3) vs. 43.5 (SD 7.4), p < 0.001). Furthermore, the improvement in ventilatory efficiency was significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with the improvement in the distance walked on the 6MWT. CONCLUSION: Older patients who have undergone median sternotomy meet the increased metabolic demand on the 6MWT after cardiac rehabilitation by increasing tidal volume. Accordingly, we should consider including as a routine specific exercises for inspiratory muscle training in current rehabilitation programmes to reduce inspiratory muscle effort and further improve ventilatory efficiency.