Associations between vitamin D levels and glucose metabolism markers among pregnant women and their infants in Puerto Rico.

INTRODUCTION: Objectives: low vitamin D during pregnancy is common and could adversely affect health outcomes. This study evaluated vitamin D status during pregnancy and early in life, and its association with glucose metabolism. Methods: maternal serum 25(OH)D, glucose, and insulin levels were measured longitudinally during pregnancy in Hispanic women with overweight/obesity (n = 31) and their infants at birth and 4 months. Results: insulin and HOMA-IR levels were higher among women with vitamin D below adequate levels compared to those with adequate levels in pregnancy (p < 0.05). Late in pregnancy, as vitamin D increased by one unit (ng/mL), insulin decreased by 0.44 units and HOMA-IR by 0.09 units. Maternal vitamin D late in pregnancy was correlated with infant vitamin D levels at birth (r = 0.89; p < 0.01) and 4 months (r = 0.9; p = 0.04), and with glucose (r = 0.79; p = 0.03) and insulin (r = 0.83; p = 0.04) at 4 months. Conclusion: maternal vitamin D status was associated with maternal and infant glucose metabolism in this sample.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivos: un bajo nivel de vitamina D durante el embarazo es común y puede tener consecuencias adversas en la salud. Este estudio evaluó el nivel de vitamina D en mujeres embarazadas y sus bebés, así como su asociación con los marcadores de glucosa. Métodos: los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D, glucosa e insulina se midieron longitudinalmente en mujeres embarazadas hispanoamericanas con sobrepeso/obesidad (n = 31) y en sus bebés, desde el nacimiento hasta los 4 meses de edad, en Puerto Rico. Resultados: los niveles maternos de insulina y HOMA-IR eran mayores en las mujeres con niveles de vitamina D por debajo de lo considerado adecuado, comparado con aquellas con niveles adecuados durante todo el embarazo (p < 0,05). Al final del embarazo, a medida que los niveles de vitamina D aumentaron, por cada unidad (ng/mL) de aumento, la insulina disminuyo en 0,44 unidades y el HOMA-IR en 0,09 unidades. El nivel de vitamina D al final del embarazo se correlacionó con los niveles del bebé al nacer (r = 0,89; p < 0,01) y a los 4 meses (r = 0,9; p = 0,04), y con los niveles de glucosa (r = 0,79; p = 0,03) e insulina (r = 0,83; p = 0,04) a los 4 meses. Conclusión: el nivel materno de vitamina D se asoció con los marcadores maternos e infantiles de glucosa en esta muestra.

Disparities in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes prevalence between indigenous and nonindigenous populations from Southeastern Mexico: The Comitan Study.

AIMS: In this research we assessed the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and its association with social determinants such as indigenous origin and residence area in population from Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico. METHODS: The Comitan Study is a population-based study carried out from 2010 to 2012 that included 1844 participants aged ≥ 20 years, 880 indigenous and 964 nonindigenous participants. Ethnicity was ascertained by self-report and speaking an indigenous language was also recorded. Prediabetes was defined as fasting serum glucose 5.6-6.9 mmol/l or 2-hour post load serum glucose 7.8-11.0 mmol/l. Type 2 diabetes was defined as fasting serum glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or 2-h post load serum glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l or previous clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Age-sex-adjusted prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes was 18.0% (95%CI 15.3-20.6) and 11.0% (95%CI 8.9-131.1) in nonindigenous and 10.6% (95%CI 8.4-12.7) and 4.7% (95%CI 3.3-6.1) in indigenous individuals, respectively. After stratifying by ethnicity, in both indigenous and nonindigenous participants the probability of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes increased with age and BMI. In both indigenous and nonindigenous participants the probability of type 2 diabetes was lower in those living in rural compared with urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes was significantly lower in indigenous than in nonindigenous participants. Also, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was lower in those living in rural areas. Health benefits of a traditional lifestyle may partially account for these differences.

Lifestyle modification intervention for overweight and obese Hispanic pregnant women: development, implementation, lessons learned and future applications.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the development, implementation and lessons learned of lifestyle intervention to promote appropriate gestational weight gain among Hispanic pregnant women. DESIGN: The intervention was informed by an empowerment oriented theoretical framework, and targeted women in the Pregnancy and Early Life Improvement Study. METHODS: The nutrition component consisted of recommendations for total calories, food quantity and improving carbohydrate and fat quality. We provided brown rice, omega-3 rich vegetable oil and spread, and water monthly. The physical activity focused on limiting sedentary behavior and promoting regular movement. The intervention was delivered through individual and group sessions and phone calls. Participants set their own goals, which were closely monitored. The intervention was evaluated extracting data from participant's record (attendance, goals, and challenges) and using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Participants were from underserved communities with economic, time, cultural and social barriers for engaging in lifestyle interventions. Modifications were done to facilitate participation, such as coordinating sessions with prenatal appointments and reducing group size and duration of sessions. Weekly text messages were added to reinforce the intervention. The main goal chosen by participants was reduction of sweetened beverages. The greatest challenges were replacing white rice with brown rice and improving physical activity. Participants suggested conducting sessions near their community and using social media as a motivation tool. Main outcomes results will be published elsewhere. CONCLUSION: We identified barriers to delivering the lifestyle intervention, mainly related to group session's participation. Sessions should be conducted in the community, using text messages and social media as reinforcement.