ABSTRACT
High power electromagnetic waves transmitted from the HAARP facility in Alaska can excite low-frequency electrostatic waves by magnetized stimulated Brillouin scatter. Either an ion-acoustic wave with a frequency less than the ion cyclotron frequency (f(CI)) or an electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) wave just above f(CI) can be produced. The coupled equations describing the magnetized stimulated Brillouin scatter instability show that the production of both ion-acoustic and EIC waves is strongly influenced by the wave propagation relative to the background magnetic field. Experimental observations of stimulated electromagnetic emissions using the HAARP transmitter have confirmed that only ion-acoustic waves are excited for propagation along the magnetic zenith and that EIC waves can only be detected with oblique propagation angles. The ion composition can be obtained from the measured EIC frequency.
ABSTRACT
This paper is the last in a series about audiological tests and test protocols (test batteries) designed to differentiate cochlear from retrocochlear site-of-lesion. While the first two papers dealt with individual tests, this paper is concerned with the audiological test protocol. A conceptual framework is presented for formulating a test protocol, and techniques are discussed for evaluating protocol performance. Using clinical data, we evaluate the performance of the traditional audiological test battery and make recommendations for the clinical use of audiological test protocols.
Subject(s)
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis , Hearing Tests/methods , Audiometry, Pure-Tone , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Reflex, Acoustic , Speech Discrimination TestsABSTRACT
This paper is the second in a series of three concerning audiological tests and test batteries designed to differentiate cochlear from retrocochlear site-of-lesion. The first paper discussed the application of clinical decision analysis to diagnostic tests, particularly audiological tests. This paper uses the techniques of clinical decision analysis to evaluate the clinical performance of audiological, vestibular, and radiological tests based on data derived from the last 15 years of the clinical literature. Using calculated measures of test performance, we compared and divided the test into four groups.
