ABSTRACT
Resumo Este artigo descreveu o contexto histórico da formação em gestão em saúde oferecida no Brasil e buscou identificar suas semelhanças e diferenças com aquela oferecida na Espanha. Adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa da realidade e o método comparado foi empregado. Como fonte de dados, utilizaram-se a bibliografia científica, os documentos oficiais, que orientam as intervenções no campo da formação em gestão em saúde nos dois países, e a entrevista semiestruturada. As entrevistas foram realizadas com gestores selecionados pelo fato de estarem ocupando ou de terem ocupado cargos de gestão e que tenham participado da conformação da política de saúde, totalizando quatro gestores brasileiros e seis espanhóis. Apoiados na análise de conteúdo temática, os resultados se relacionaram com a categoria "institucionalidade" a partir dos seguintes temas: política de saúde e educação; política de formação de gestores; e profissionalização. Identificou-se como elemento comum o fato de tanto o Brasil quanto a Espanha adotarem a proteção à saúde como direito de cidadania por meio de sistemas públicos e universais de saúde. A diferença mais significativa diz respeito à cobertura populacional, alcançada na quase totalidade na Espanha no final dos anos 1990. Evidenciou-se a inexistência de uma política nacional de formação de gestores nos dois países, considerada central para a profissionalização da gestão em saúde. Ainda que o tema da profissionalização esteja presente no Brasil, na Espanha assumiu contornos institucionais distintos com avanços significativos em período recente.
Abstract The article described the historical context of health management training in Brazil and aimed at identifying similarities and differences between this training in Brazil and Spain, using qualitative approach and comparative method. Data sources included the scientific literature, official documents orienting interventions in health management training, and semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with managers selected on the basis of currently occupying or having occupied management positions, besides experience and participation in shaping policies in health, totaling four managers in Brazil and six in Spain. Based on thematic content analysis, the results were related to the category of "institutionality" according to the following themes: health and education policy, management training policy, and professionalization. A common element was that Brazil and Spain both adopt health protection as a civic right through universal public health systems. The most significant difference relates to population coverage, nearly complete in Spain in the late 1990s. The study showed the lack of a national training policy for managers in both countries and that such a policy is essential for professionalization in health management. Although the theme of professionalization exists in Brazil, in Spain it has distinct institutional characteristics, having achieved important recent progress.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Comparative Study , Health Management , Health Human Resource Training , National Health SystemsABSTRACT
The 2008 economic crisis made the issue of good governance more present and visible, but the debate risks stalling in an academic and political discourse that barely exceeds the declarative. We acknowledge the existence of noteworthy documents from scientific medical societies and some institutional proposals that point towards promising changes. Viewing good governance as accountability, participation, transparency, intelligence and integrity, our objective is to identify the determinants of inaction and remove the barriers that prevent the adoption of rational and widely agreed-upon proposals. This led us: 1) to allocate the proposals to their appropriate governance level (macro, meso, micro and system environment) so as to more directly engage the agents of change; and 2) to highlight some decision nodes that can act as levers to catalyse selective transformations and to initiate the change processes. Taking into account the diversity of actors and scenarios, a top-down rational, integrated and reformist strategy for the whole Spanish National Health System does not seem likely or viable. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to promote changes, setting a targeted and reasoned agenda to visualise key issues and to enable multilevel and multidimensional thinking and advocacy of health-sector and society stakeholders.
Subject(s)
National Health Programs/organization & administration , SpainABSTRACT
The economic crisis has prompted the debate on how to regulate health coverage of undocumented migrants in publicly funded healthcare systems. Spain, as one of the most heavily affected countries in Europe, can be considered a case of particular interest. In 2012 the Spanish Government issued a Royal Decree Law (RDL 16/2012) which revoked their previous full right to public healthcare coverage, now limited for some exceptions. However, the Spanish National Health System is highly decentralized, and this Central Government decree had to be implemented by the Regional Health Authorities. Our aim is to compare regional policies regarding entitlement to healthcare for undocumented migrants after RDL 16/2012 in the 17 Autonomous Regions by performing an exhaustive review of the regional health policy regulations published after the enactment of RDL 16/2012. Our analysis shows that many Regions adopted legal, legislative and administrative actions to void or limit its effects, while others applied it as intended, resulting in huge differences in healthcare coverage for irregular migrants among Spanish Regions. The unequal implementation of this Law constitutes a paradigmatic example of the complexity of nation-wide regulation of controversial key issues in decentralized health systems. In addition, our results highlight that within-country differences in access and/or entitlement can be as relevant as those reported among-country when there is healthcare decentralization.
Subject(s)
Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/legislation & jurisprudence , National Health Programs/legislation & jurisprudence , Politics , Transients and Migrants/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/economics , Humans , National Health Programs/economics , SpainABSTRACT
O artigo aborda a descentralização e a regionalização do sistema de saúde espanhol no período de 1980 a 2012. Sob o enfoque do institucionalismo histórico, o estudo privilegiou a análise da trajetória, características e condicionantes desses processos, no contexto mais geral de redemocratização e reforma do Estado. Os resultados sugerem diferentes graus de poder entre os governos subnacionais e central nas dimensões política, administrativa e fiscal/financeira. Conclui-se que a redemocratização, as pressões regionalistas, a descentralização político-territorial e os antecedentes do sistema sanitário foram os principais fatores que influenciaram a configuração do sistema de saúde na Espanha.
The article discusses the decentralization and regionalization of the Spanish health system from 1980 to 2012. Considering the historical institutionalism approach, the study analyzed the trajectory, characteristics and conditions of these processes, in broader the context of democratization and reform of the State. The results suggest different degrees of power between the central and subnational governments in the political, administrative and fiscal/financial dimension. It is concluded that the return to democracy, the regionalist pressures, the politicalterritorial decentralization and the antecedent of the health system were the main factors that influenced the configuration of the health system in Spain.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we analyse the medical specialty training system in Spain (the so-called "residency system"). In order to do so, we a) summarize its historical evolution; b) describe the five major architectural pillars on which the system is currently based; c) analyse the special contract of the specialist-in-training; d) discuss the three major challenges for the medical specialist training future: the evolution and expansion of the residency system to other health professions, the issue of grouping specialties with a common core trunk and the continuity of the learning process; and e) draw four conclusions that may be relevant for those who are in the process of developing or revising their own medical specialization systems.
Subject(s)
Education, Medical, Graduate , Internship and Residency , Medicine , Specialization , Humans , SpainABSTRACT
Este artigo analisa estratégias desenvolvidas por Brasil e Espanha para integrar Atenção Primária à Saúde e Especializada. Entre as iniciativas comuns, observa-se: papel de filtro exercido pelo médico de família, territorialização dos serviços de saúde, especialistas consultores/matriciamento e adoção de protocolos clínicos consensuados. No Brasil, ressalta-se a recente implantação de sistemas descentralizados de regulação, e, na Espanha, a já consolidada informatização da história clínica em APS. A criação de história clínica única é um desafio para ambos os países. Iniciativas que promovam maior relação interpessoal foram consideradas mais exitosas para integrar profissionais dos dois níveis.
This paper examines strategies developed by Brazil and Spain for integrating Primary Health Care with Specialized Care. Common measures included: the filter role played by family doctors, territorialization of health services, specialist consultants/matrix support and consensual clinical protocols. Of particular note, in Brazil, is the recent introduction of decentralized regulation systems and, in Spain, the long established computerization of PHC clinical records. Both countries face the challenge of creating unified clinical records. Measures to foster more interpersonal relationship were considered the most successful strategies for integrating health workers from the two levels.
ABSTRACT
The good performance of publicly-produced health services is of vital importance, well beyond the health sector. Taking into account the great complexity of the health services in the public sector due both to their public and professional nature, we identify seven Gordian Knots as being responsible for the most frequent problems of publicly produced health services in Spain and Latin America. From the concept of good governance we take its character as a normative and ethical benchmark and its potential to renew and invigorate the government of the public sector. From comparative analysis of publicly-produced health services in the best performing countries, we extract eight characteristics which contribute significantly to good performance. A final reflection is on the relevance of the importance of offsetting the potential hostility to a reformist impulse of the status-quo with alliances that strengthen public trust and the social contract between health professionals and citizens based on the values of public health systems.
Subject(s)
Health Services Administration , Health Services Administration/standards , Public SectorABSTRACT
The good performance of publicly-produced health services is of vital importance, well beyond the health sector. Taking into account the great complexity of the health services in the public sector due both to their public and professional nature, we identify seven Gordian Knots as being responsible for the most frequent problems of publicly produced health services in Spain and Latin America. From the concept of good governance we take its character as a normative and ethical benchmark and its potential to renew and invigorate the government of the public sector. From comparative analysis of publicly-produced health services in the best performing countries, we extract eight characteristics which contribute significantly to good performance. A final reflection is on the relevance of the importance of offsetting the potential hostility to a reformist impulse of the status-quo with alliances that strengthen public trust and the social contract between health professionals and citizens based on the values of public health systems.
El buen desempeño de servicios de salud de producción pública tiene importancia vital, más allá del sector salud. Se aborda su buen gobierno y gestión a partir del marco conceptual de los valores e ideas del buen gobierno y de la experiencia de países más ejemplares, como referente práctico de buen desempeño. Se parte de la gran complejidad de los servicios públicos de salud, por su carácter público y su naturaleza profesional, y se identifican siete nudos gordianos de los servicios públicos de salud en España e Iberoamérica. Del concepto de buen gobierno se toma su carácter de referente ético y normativo y su potencial para renovar y dinamizar el gobierno de lo público. Del análisis comparado de los servicios de salud de producción pública se extraen ocho características que contribuyen a su buen desempeño. Se concluye con una reflexión sobre la importancia de compensar la posible hostilidad corporativa y gremial a un impulso reformista del statu-quo con alianzas que refuercen la confianza pública y el contrato social entre profesionales y ciudadanos en torno a los valores de los sistemas públicos de salud.
Subject(s)
Health Services Administration , Health Services Administration/standards , Public SectorABSTRACT
This text reviews the impact of European integration on the health sector (public health and health services) by studying European Union (EU) institutions, functioning, and responsibilities through the literature, documents, and authors' observations. The EU does not have direct health responsibilities, but Community legislation has important repercussions on all member states' health policies. This influence affects health protection issues, consumer safety, regulation of medicines and medical devices, mutual recognition of professional qualifications, freedom of movement for health professionals and patients, public contracts and bidding, research, etc. The evolution of EU health policy shows a progressive reinforcement of responsibilities consistent with the objective of reaching a high level of health protection, which in turn affects other European policies. The impact of European integration on the Spanish health system is analyzed as a case study, and key aspects and present and future challenges are highlighted. Lessons are also drawn for regional integration processes to foster equity and efficiency in health.
Subject(s)
European Union , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , National Health Programs , Delivery of Health Care , Humans , International Cooperation , Public Health , SpainABSTRACT
El texto revisa el impacto de la integración europea en el sector salud (salud pública y servicios sanitarios), estudiando instituciones, funcionamiento y competencias de la Unión Europea (UE), a partir de literatura, documentos y observaciones coyunturales. La UE no tiene competencias directas en salud, pero su legislación ejerce importante impacto en las políticas sanitarias de todos los Estados Miembros. Esta influencia se manifiesta en la protección de la salud y seguridad de los consumidores, regulación de medicamentos y aparatos médicos, homologación de títulos profesionales, libertad de movimiento de profesionales y pacientes, compras y contratación, e investigación biomédica. Estudiando la evolución de la política de salud en la UE se constata un refuerzo progresivo de sus políticas sanitarias y que el objetivo de alcanzar un alto nivel de protección de la salud, tiene importantes implicaciones en todas las políticas europeas. Tomando como caso de estudio las repercusiones de la integración europea en el sistema sanitario español, se destacan sus aspectos más influyentes, retos actuales y perspectivas, así como lecciones para que procesos de integración regional sean factores de equidad y eficiencia en salud.
This text reviews the impact of European integration on the health sector (public health and health services) by studying European Union (EU) institutions, functioning, and responsibilities through the literature, documents, and authors' observations. The EU does not have direct health responsibilities, but Community legislation has important repercussions on all member states' health policies. This influence affects health protection issues, consumer safety, regulation of medicines and medical devices, mutual recognition of professional qualifications, freedom of movement for health professionals and patients, public contracts and bidding, research, etc. The evolution of EU health policy shows a progressive reinforcement of responsibilities consistent with the objective of reaching a high level of health protection, which in turn affects other European policies. The impact of European integration on the Spanish health system is analyzed as a case study, and key aspects and present and future challenges are highlighted. Lessons are also drawn for regional integration processes to foster equity and efficiency in health.
Subject(s)
Humans , European Union , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , National Health Programs , Delivery of Health Care , International Cooperation , Public Health , SpainABSTRACT
We measured the burden caused by Parkinson's disease (PD) in Spain during the year 2000 and compared it against PD burden worldwide and in the European A subregion. Burden of disease (BoD) is an important factor in health policy. Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as a measure of BoD is the result of adding years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). The burden of PD (BPD) has not been studied in Spain. YLL were obtained from the Spanish death certificates and YLD from the estimated number of incident PD cases and the average PD duration. PD disability was calculated, using the Disability Weights for Diseases in the Netherlands. Prior PD DALY data for Europe and the world were obtained from the 2001 World Health Organization World Health Report. A discount rate of 3% and age-weighting modulation factor with K = 1 were used. In Spain, PD generated 67,582 DALY, comprising 6,351 (9.4%) YLL and 61,231 (90.6%) YLD. Most PD DALY (57.5%) occurred in the population 60 to 74 years of age. When PD DALY estimates were adjusted using the world population in 2000, Spain registered a PD DALY rate of 84 per 100,000 population, higher than both the world and European A subregion rates (24 and 35 per 100,000 population, respectively). PD burden in Spain in 2000 was high, with disability being the major contributing factor. Although BPD in Spain was greater than both world and European A subregion BPD, these differences should nevertheless be interpreted with caution.
Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Parkinson Disease/economics , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cost-Benefit Analysis/methods , Disabled Persons , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/epidemiology , Severity of Illness Index , Spain/epidemiology , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Apresentação que trata da integração de serviços e políticas de saúde entre os países membros da União Européia, apontando as dificuldades em integrar 25 países com uma população total de 445 milhões de habitantes. Mostra as ações para gerir as questões de saúde que envolvem os países, onde foi criada uma Comissão de Saúde que cuida da saúde pública, segurança alimentar, direitos dos consumidores e do bem estar dos animais como um todo, mas não interferem nos sistemas de saúde local. A proteção social existente na Comunidade Européia permite o atendimento em saúde a pessoas que se muda para trabalhar em outro país, quando estão viajando em férias, quando necessitam de um tratamento especializado que só exista em outro país membro ou mesmo quando não estão satisfeitos com o tratamento no seu país de origem.
