Cognitive function and its associations in older adults from Amazonas, Brazil / Função Cognitiva e suas associações em adultos-idosos do estado do Amazonas, Brasil

The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the age-related differences in cognitive function (CF), nutritional status (MNA), physical activity (AF), quality of life (QoL), depression, social sat-isfaction (SS) and socioeconomic status (SES), and (2) to explore the relationships between CF and the previous variables. This cross sectional study included 268 men and 433 women (aged 71.4 ± 7.0 years). CF was determined with the Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument (COGTEL) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Correlates were as follows: Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), PA (Baecke questionnaire modified for older adults), Quality of life (QoL SF-12), Geriatrics Depression Scale (GDS), Satisfaction and Social Support Scale, and Socioeconomic status (SES). All instruments were applied in a face to face interview. An independent t-test identi-fied significantly higher scores in young-old adults (≤ 69 years) for CF (p < 0.001), PA (p= 0.046) and SES (p= 0.007), compared to old-old adults (≥ 70 years). The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the most significant CF correlates were SES (ß = 0.45;p< 0.001), age (ß = -0.12;p< 0.001), SS (ß = 0.12;p= 0.001), GDS (ß = -0.11; p= 0.003) and QoL (ß = 0.08;p= 0.017). The overall regression model explained 36% of the total variance in the COGTEL. The oldest and the more depressed adults obtained lower scores for FC. The present study suggests that, between the correlates studied, SES was the strongest predictor in the explanation of CF in older adults

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) investigar as diferenças associadas à idade na função cognitiva (FC), status nutricional (MNA), atividade física (AF), qualidade de vida (QV ), depressão, satisfação social (SS) e estatuto socioeconômico (ESSE), e (2) explorar as relações entre a FC e as varáveis anteriores. Este estudo, de natureza transversal, incluiu 268 homens e 433 mulheres (71,4 ± 7,0 anos de idade). A FC foi determinada a partir do Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument (COGTEL) e do Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Os preditores analisados incluíram: o Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), a AF (questionário de Baecke modificado para idosos), a QV (SF-12), a Escala de Depressão em Geriatria (GDS), a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social e o ESSE (Estatuto Socioeconômico). Todos os instrumentos foram aplicados sob forma de entrevista. Um t-teste de medidas independentes identificou scores significativamente mais elevados nos adultos-idosos mais jovens (60 - 69 anos de idade) na FC (p < 0,001), AF (p = 0,046) e ESSE (p = 0,007), comparativamente aos mais idosos (70 - 91 anos de idade). Os resultados da análise de regressão linear múltipla indicaram que os preditores mais significativos da FC foram: ESSE (ß = 0,45; p < 0,001), idade (ß = -0,12; p < 0,001), SS (ß = 0,12; p = 0,001), GDS (ß = -0,11; p = 0,003) e QV (ß = 0,08; p = 0,017). O modelo de regressão testado, explicou 36% da variância total do COGTEL. As pessoas mais idosas e deprimidas obtiveram scores mais baixos na FC. Este estudo sugere que entre os preditores estudados, o ESSE é a variável mais forte na explicação da FC nos adultos idosos

Skeletal Maturation, Body Size, and Motor Coordination in Youth 11-14 Years.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to estimate the relative contribution of biological maturation to variance in the motor coordination (MC) among youth and to explore gender differences in the associations. METHODS: Skeletal maturation (Tanner-Whitehouse 3), stature, body mass, and MC (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder) were assessed in 613 youths, 284 boys and 329 girls 11-14 yr of age. Standardized residuals of skeletal age on chronological age were used as the estimate of skeletal maturity status independent of chronological age. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to analyse associations between skeletal maturity status and MC. RESULTS: Skeletal maturity status by itself, i.e., standardized residuals of skeletal age on chronological age (step 3) explained a maximum of 8.1% of the variance in MC in boys (ΔR3 in the range of 0.0%-8.1%) and 2.8% of the variance in girls (ΔR3 in the range of 0.0%-2.8%), after controlling for stature, body mass and interactions of the standardized residuals of skeletal age on chronological age with stature and body mass. Corresponding percentages for the interactions of the standardized residuals of skeletal age and stature and body mass, after adjusting for stature and body mass (step 2) were 8.7% in boys (ΔR2 in the range of 0.3%-8.7%) and 7.1% in girls (ΔR2 in the range of 0.1%-7.1%). Chow tests suggested structural changes in ß-coefficients in the four MC tests among boys and girls, 12-13 yr. CONCLUSION: The percentage of variance in the four MC tests explained by skeletal maturation was relatively small, but the relationships differed between boys and girls. By inference, other factors, e.g., neuromuscular maturation, specific instruction and practice, sport participation, and others may influence MC at these ages.

An evaluation of a nurse-led rehabilitation programme (the ProBalance Programme) to improve balance and reduce fall risk of community-dwelling older people: A randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effect of a nurse-led rehabilitation programme (the ProBalance Programme) on balance and fall risk of community-dwelling older people from Madeira Island, Portugal. DESIGN: Single-blind, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling older people, aged 65-85, with balance impairments. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention group (IG; n=27) or a wait-list control group (CG; n=25). INTERVENTION: A rehabilitation nursing programme included gait, balance, functional training, strengthening, flexibility, and 3D training. One trained rehabilitation nurse administered the group-based intervention over a period of 12 weeks (90min sessions, 2 days per week). A wait-list control group was instructed to maintain their usual activities during the same time period. OUTCOME: Balance was assessed using the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale. The time points for assessment were at zero (pre-test), 12 (post-test), and 24 weeks (follow up). RESULTS: Changes in the mean (SD) FAB scale scores immediately following the 12-week intervention were 5.15 (2.81) for the IG and -1.45 (2.80) for the CG. At follow-up, the mean (SD) change scores were -1.88 (1.84) and 0.75 (2.99) for the IG and CG, respectively. The results of a mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance, controlling for physical activity levels at baseline, revealed a significant interaction between group and time (F (2, 42)=27.89, p<0.001, Partial Eta Squared=0.57) and a main effect for time (F (2, 43)=3.76, p=0.03, Partial Eta Squared=0.15), with both groups showing changes in the mean FAB scale scores across the three time periods. A significant main effect comparing the two groups (F (1, 43)=21.90, p<0.001, Partial Eta Squared=0.34) confirmed a clear positive effect of the intervention when compared to the control. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the rehabilitation nursing programme was effective in improving balance and reducing fall risk in a group of older people with balance impairment, immediately after the intervention. A decline in balance was observed for the IG after a period of no intervention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12612000301864.

Multivariate analysis of lifestyle, constitutive and body composition factors influencing bone health in community-dwelling older adults from Madeira, Portugal.

This study describes the association between habitual physical activity (PA), other lifestyle/constitutive factors, body composition, and bone health/strength in a large sample of older adults from Madeira, Portugal. This cross-sectional study included 401 males and 401 females aged 60-79 years old. Femoral strength index (FSI) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body, lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total lean tissue mass (TLTM) and total fat mass (TFM) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-DXA. PA was assessed during face-to-face interviews using the Baecke questionnaire and for a sub-sample by Tritrac accelerometer. Demographic and health history information were obtained by telephone interview through questionnaire. The relationship between habitual PA variables and bone health/strength indicators (whole body BMD, FNBMD, LSBMD, and FSI) investigated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was similar for females (0.098≤r≤0.189) and males (0.104≤r≤0.105). Results from standard multiple regression analysis indicated that the primary and most significant predictors for FNBMD in both sexes were age, TLTM, and TFM. For LSBMD, the most significant predictor was TFM in men and TFM, age, and TLTM in females. Our regression model explained 8.3-14.2% and 14.8-29.6% of the total variance in LSBMD and FNBMD for males and females, respectively. This study suggests that habitual PA is minimally but positively associated with BMD and FSI among older adult males and females and that body composition factors like TLTM and TFM are the strongest determinants of BMD and FSI in this population.

Physical activity, physical fitness, gross motor coordination, and metabolic syndrome: focus of twin research in Portugal.

A very brief history of Portuguese twin research in sport and human movement sciences is presented. Recruitment procedures, zygosity determination, and phenotypes are given for twins and their parents from the mainland, and Azores and Madeira archipelagos. Preliminary findings are mostly related to physical activity, health-related physical fitness, gross motor coordination, neuromotor development, and metabolic syndrome traits.

Análise de dados gemelares: uma aventura guiada para investigadores das Ciências do Desporto / Analysis of twin data: a guided tour for researchers in Sport Sciences

Este tutorial pretende apresentar, de forma sumária: 1) a importância dos estudos gemelares em Educação Física e Ciências do Desporto; 2) a estrutura básica deste tipo de delineamento; 3) as etapas da análise descritiva inicial; 4) os procedimentos de análise em grau crescente de complexidade - da análise de variância, à modelação de estruturas de covariância; 5) bem como a relevância da exploração da disocordância intra-par de gêmeos monozigóticos. Esta processologia, baseada num tutorial, recorrerá aos valores do fenótipo índice de atividade física nos tempos de lazer, com base numa amostra de 207 pares de gêmeos mono e dizigóticos. Todas as etapas da análise são comentadas e será interpretado o significado dos resultados, salientando o fato do fenótipo em causa ser explicado pelos fatores genéticos em cerca de 63 por cento.

This tutorial has the following purposes: 1) to summarize the importance of twin studies in Physical Education and Sport Sciencesï research; 2) to show the basic structure of twin designs; 3) the levels of descriptive analysis; 4) the steps of growing complexity in data analysis - from analysis of variance to structural equation modeling; 5) as well as the analysis of discordant intra-pair differences of monozygotic twin data. The steps of this long list of procedures will be illustrated in this tutorial using the phenotype leisure time physical activity with data from 207 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Commentaries and explanations will be provided in all steps of the analysis, highlighting the fact that the used phenotype is genetically accounted for 63 percent of the total variation.

Maturação biológica: da sua relevância à aprendizagem do método TW3 / The relevance of training in the TW3 method for the evaluation of biological maturation

Este estudo teve os seguintes objetivos: (1) apresentar procedimentos metodológicos utilizados na estimação da idade óssea; (2) descrever o método Tanner-Whitehouse (TW3), e (3) destacar os resultados da reprodutibilidade deste método em crianças e jovens. A metodologia adotada na preparação do processo de aprendizagem e reprodutibilidade do método TW3 foi estruturada em três fases, tendo sido realizadas em duas Instituições de ensino (Portugal e Bélgica), sob a orientação e supervisão de avaliadores experientes. Após várias etapas de treinamento, os resultados alcançados na avaliação inter e intraobservador situaram-se entre 81,3 e 87,9%. Os resultados finais do estudo possibilitaram comprovar a eficácia de um rigoroso processo de treino, como elemento essencial na preparação prévia do avaliador, para a utilização da avaliação da maturação esquelética com base no método TW3.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to present methodological procedures used for the estimation of bone age; (2) describe the Tanner-Whitehouse method (TW3), and (3) to highlight the results of reproducibility of this method in children and adolescents. The method adopted for the preparation of the learning process and for evaluation of the reproducibility of the TW3 method was divided into three phases and was conducted at two teaching institutions (Portugal and Belgium) under the guidance and supervision of experienced raters. After severalstages of training in the rating of radiographs, inter- and intraobserver reliability ranged from 81.3 to 87.9%. The final results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of a rigorous training process as an essential element in the previous preparation of raters for the assessment of skeletal maturation by the TW3 method.

Análise e interpretação dos níveis de actividade física de crianças: um tutorial baseado na modelação hierárquica ou multinível / Analysis and interpretation of physical activity levels in children: a tutorial based on hierarchical or multilevel modelling

Este tutorial pretende apresentar, de modo didáctico, uma forma alternativa de análise de dados sobre os níveisde actividade física de crianças a partir da modelação hierárquica ou multinível. São mencionadas as diferentes etapas damodelação, os resultados são interpretados com base nos output´s do software utilizado - o HLM 6.02. Em cada etapa do percurso são lançadas as hipóteses mais importantes em grau de complexidade crescente. A sua importância é referida a partir dos resultados disponíveis...

This tutorial aims at a didactical presentation of an alternative approach to analyse physical activity data of children based on hierarchical or multilevel modelling. We present the basic steps of the data analysis, interpreting all relevant outputfrom the chosen software - HLM 6.02. Each step is duly presented and explained, going from simple hypothesis to more complex ones. Their relevancy is presented in terms of the available results...

Atividade física, aptidão e sobrepeso em crianças e adolescentes: o estudo de crescimento da Madeira / Physical activity, fitness and overweight in children and adolescents: the Madeira Growth Study

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em comparar os níveis de atividade física e aptidão de crianças eadolescentes com sobrepeso e normoponderais. A amostra envolveu 507 sujeitos que participaram no‘Estudo de Crescimento da Madeira’, um estudo longitudinal misto com cinco coortes seguidas emintervalos anuais, ao longo de três anos. Um total de 1505 elementos, 761 meninos e 744 meninas, dossete aos 18 anos, foi utilizado numa análise transversal dos dados. As características somáticas incluema estatura e o peso corporal. A atividade física foi estimada via questionário e entrevista. A aptidãofísica foi avaliada com a bateria de testes Eurofit. O índice de massa corporal foi usado como indicadorde sobrepeso. A amostra foi dividida em duas categorias: com sobrepeso (incluindo as crianças e adolescentescom sobrepeso e obesas) e normoponderal (o resto da amostra), usando-se os pontos de cortepropostos por COLE et al. (2000). As diferenças de médias entre as categorias de sobrepeso e normoponderalforam testadas com o t-teste para medidas independentes. A atividade física, como índice desportivo eíndice dos tempos livres, não estava associada com o estatuto de sobrepeso das crianças e adolescentes.A prática desportiva foi mais elevada nos meninos normoponderais. Os meninos e meninasnormoponderais obtiveram melhores resultados no equilíbrio flamingo, no salto em comprimento semcorrida preparatória, nos “sit ups”, no tempo de suspensão com os braços fletidos, no “shuttle run” e nacorrida/andar de 12 minutos. As meninas com sobrepeso foram mais fortes (dinamometria manual) doque as meninas normoponderais. Uma fraca associação foi demonstrada para a atividade física, contudo, para a aptidão física uma associação inversa foi observada com o sobrepeso.

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity level and fitness among overweight andnon-overweight children and adolescents. The sample included 507 subjects who participated in theMadeira Growth Study, a mixed longitudinal study with five cohorts followed at annual intervals forthree consecutive years. A total of 1505 subjects, 761 boys and 744 girls, 7-18 year-olds, was used in across-sectional analysis of the data. Somatic characteristics include stature and body weight. Physicalactivity was estimated by means of a questionnaire and an interview. Physical fitness was measuredwith the Eurofit test battery. Body mass index was used as an overweight indicator. The sample wasdivided into two overweight categories: overweight (including overweight and obese children andadolescents) and non-overweight (remaining part of the sample) using the cut-off scores proposed byCole et al. (2000). Mean differences between the overweight categories were tested with a two-samplet-test. Physical activity as sport and leisure time indexes was not associated to overweight status ofchildren and adolescents. Sports practice was higher in non-overweight boys. Non-overweight boys andgirls obtained better results for flamingo balance, standing broad jump, sit ups, flexed arm hang, shuttlerun and 12 minute run/walk. Overweight girls were stronger (handgrip) than non-overweight girls. Aweak relationship was demonstrated for physical activity whereas for physical fitness a strong inverseassociation with overweight status was found.

Modelação da estabilidade do somatório em crianças e jovens dos 10 aos 16 anos de idade do estudo de crescimento da Madeira(Portugal) / Modeling stability in the somatotype of children and youngsters from 10 to 16 years of the Madeira growth study (Portugal)

Este estudo pretende investigar a estabilidade do somatótipo, enquanto entidade tridimensional, de crianças e jovens Madeirenses (Portugal). Com base numa amostra estratificada proporcional, e a partir de um delineamento longitudinal-misto, foi obtida informação de 309 sujeitos dos dois sexos (157 rapazes e 152 moças) que participaram no .Estudo de Crescimento da Madeira..O somatótipo foi estimado com base no procedimento de Heath-Carter, e a análise estatística recorreuà modelação quasi-simplex para solucionar a estrutura multivariada dos dados. Os cálculos foramefectuados no software Mplus. Na sua essência, os resultados do ajustamento dos diferentes modelosà estrutura do somatótipo sugerem a sua forte estabilidade no intervalo etário dos 10 aos 16 anos.Esta característica salienta a sua reduzida alteração, e consequente previsibilidadedesenvolvimentalista