Relationship Between Symptomatic Dimensions and Global Functioning of Non-Help-Seeking Individuals at Risk for Psychosis.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the symptomatic dimensions of psychosis and functioning of individuals at risk for psychosis (ultrahigh risk [UHR]) in a non-help-seeking UHR sample from the general population. The sample is the same as the one used in the Brazilian Subclinical Symptoms and Prodromal Psychosis cohort study. We applied questionnaires of functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning Scale) and symptomatic dimensions (Scale of Prodromal Symptoms). Next, we correlated the symptomatic dimensions with functioning. We found a significant relationship between avolition and uncommon thought content with poor functioning, whereas the remaining symptoms were not as relevant. Poor functioning was most related to avolition, a negative symptom, followed by unusual thought content, a positive symptom.

Childhood maltreatment in individuals at risk of psychosis: Results from the Brazilian SSAPP cohort.

BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment is a known risk factor for the development of mental disorders, such as psychotic symptoms. An extensive body of literature about childhood maltreatment and mental health has been developed in wealthy countries, but information about this connection is lacking in developing countries. AIMS: To explore a possible relationship between childhood maltreatment and ultra-high risk of psychosis in a non-help-seeking population in a low- and middle-income country. METHODS: A household survey was conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, involving over 2,500 individuals aged 18-30 years who were randomly selected from the general population. The participants underwent screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire. Ultra-high risk status was assessed using the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, and childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The final sample comprised 87 ultra-high risk individuals and 115 controls. RESULTS: Childhood maltreatment was significantly more present among ultra-high risk individuals. In ultra-high risk individuals, physical and emotional neglect were inversely related to grandiosity symptoms, physical abuse was related to perceptual abnormalities and physical neglect was related to disorganized speech and thought. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and ultra-high risk status and psychopathological features in a large Latin American sample. Further studies in this field are necessary to better understand the specific influence of various early life adversities on psychosis risk.

Hearing spirits? Religiosity in individuals at risk for psychosis-Results from the Brazilian SSAPP cohort.

In the last decades, biological and environmental factors related to psychosis were investigated in individuals at ultra-risk for psychosis (UHR) to predict conversion. Although religion relates to psychosis in a variety of ways, it is understudied in subclinical samples. Therefore, we assessed the interplay between religion and prodromal symptoms in 79 UHR and 110 control individuals. They were interviewed with the Duke University Religion Index and the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS). Organizational religious activity, a measure of how often someone attends churches/temples, was positively related to perceptual abnormalities/hallucinations (Spearman's rho = 0.262, p = 0.02). This relationship was replicated in a path analysis model (ß = 0.342, SE = 0.108, p = 0.002), as well as a link between organizational religious activity and lower ideational richness (ß = 0.401, SE = 0.105, p = 0.000) with no influence of sex, age, religious denomination, or socioeconomic class. Intrinsic religious activity was negatively correlated with suspiciousness (SIPS P2) (ß = -0.028, SE = 0.009, p = 0.002), and non-organizational religious activity was correlated with higher ideational richness (N5) (ß = -0.220, SE = 0.097, p = 0.023). We hypothesize that subjects with subclinical psychosis may possibly use churches and other religious organizations to cope with hallucinations. Indeed, Brazil is characterized by a religious syncretism and a strong influence of Spiritism in the popular culture. The mediumistic idea that some might be able to hear and/or see spirits is probably employed to explain subclinical hallucinations in the lay knowledge. Our results emphasize the importance of assessing religion and other region-specific aspects of various cultures when studying UHR individuals. This sort of assessment would enhance understanding of differences in conversion rates, and would help to transpose prevention programs from high-income countries to other settings.

Poverty, low education, and the expression of psychotic-like experiences in the general population of São Paulo, Brazil.

The aim of our study was to assess psychotic-like experiences in the general population aged 18-30 years old of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. A household survey was conducted with 1950 young-adults randomly drawn from the city's general population. The validated 92-item Portuguese version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) was used for face-to-face interviews. Latent class analysis was conducted. Mean age was of 24 years; 51.1% of the sample was of women. Mean total score on the PQ was 22.06 (SD=17.16). Considering a suggested cut-off of 14 in the positive subscale, 30.8% of individuals were above the threshold for ultra-high risk for psychosis detection. Latent class analysis resulted in a three classes clusterization. Class 1 (20%; n=390) had the highest overall PQ scores (mean=49.31,SD=10.783), class 2 (43%; n=835) had intermediate scores (mean=23.37,SD=6.56), and class 3 (37%; n=721) had the lowest scores (mean=5.81,SD=3.74). Class 1 had significantly more individuals with less education and significantly more individuals with lower socioeconomic class. Poverty and low education might be associated with the psychotic expression in the general population, amplifying their actions on the psychosis gradient in developing countries. The psychosis continuum might be constituted by three distinct quantitatively different classes.

Profile of Trypanosoma cruzi reactivity in a population at high risk for endemic pemphigus foliaceus (Fogo selvagem).

Fogo selvagem (FS) is an autoimmune bullous disease with pathogenic IgG autoantibodies recognizing desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), a desmosomal glycoprotein. In certain settlements of Brazil, a high prevalence of FS (3%) is reported, suggesting environmental factors as triggers of the autoimmune response. Healthy individuals from endemic areas recognize nonpathogenic epitopes of Dsg1, and exposure to hematophagous insects is a risk factor for FS. Fogo selvagem and Chagas disease share some geographic sites, and anti-Dsg1 has been detected in Chagas patients. Indeterminate Chagas disease was identified in a Brazilian Amerindian population of high risk for FS. In counterpart, none of the FS patients living in the same geographic region showed reactivity against Trypanosoma cruzi. The profile of anti-Dsg1 antibodies showed positive results in 15 of 40 FS sera and in 33 of 150 sera from healthy individuals from endemic FS sites, and no cross-reactivity between Chagas disease and FS was observed.