Occurrence of IGG antibodies anti-TOXOPLASMA GONDII and NEOSPORA CANINUM in cattle raised in family agricultural properties in Realeza, Parana, Brazil

This cross-sectional study evaluates the presence of antibodies against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in cattle raised in Realeza, PR. There was a seroprevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii of 87.5% and 67.9%, respectively in the properties assessed. The frequencies of T. gondii and N. caninum in the animals were 41.1% and 55.1%, respectively. The studied coccidia are widely distributed in dairy cows reared on family farms in the municipality of Realeza, PR. Sanitary control for reproductive diseases must be adopted to prevent miscarriages and the economic damage caused by the disease. Future studies should be performed to investigate how widespread these pathogens are in cattle herds in southwestern Parana.

Serological prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD-1) in non-vaccinated dairy cattle in the municipality of Realeza-Paraná / Prevalência sorológica de diarreia viral bovina (BVD-1) em bovinos leiteiros não vacinados do município de Realeza-Paraná

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an infectious and contagious disease affecting cattle that is responsible for causing a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from inapparent or subclinical infections to an acute and sometimes fatal disease known as mucosal disease. The agent that causes BVD is an RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus and family Flaviridae. BVD is transmitted in two different ways: horizontal, by secretions, and vertically in pregnant cows, where the cow transmits the virus to the foetus. The clinical signs depend on the affected animal, its immunological capacity, and in the case of pregnant females, the gestation phase. A gestational infection can result in several changes, such as congenital anomalies, abortion, or even the birth of so-called persistently infected (PI) animals, which are difficult to detect and have a very important epidemiological role within the herd. The southwest region of Paraná has the largest dairy basin in the state of Paraná and is predominantly composed of family farmers, many of whom adopt measures that increase the health risk of their herd. The objective of this study was to delineate the serological prevalence of non-vaccinated dairy cattle in the municipality of Royalty-PR in relation to the BVD-1 virus, as well as to evaluate the odds ratios, relative risk and risk attributable to the independent variables of breed, age and the community under study. To that end, 317 blood serum samples from non-vaccinated cows from 18 different farms, with various breeds and ages, were evaluated by virus neutralization for the detection of antibodies specific to BVD-1. The results showed that 17.03% of the animals (54/317) had positive BVD-1 serology, and 82.33% (15/18) of the farms had at least one positive animal. Animals of the Jersey breed and the Barra do Sarandi Line community had the highest epidemiological risks, with a strong association with BVD-1 infection.(AU)

A Diarreia Viral Bovina (BVD) é uma doença infectocontagiosa que acomete bovinos, responsável por causar uma ampla gama de manifestações clínicas, que variam desde infecções inaparentes ou subclínicas até uma doença aguda e, por vezes, fatal conhecida como Doença das Mucosas. O agente causal da BVD é um RNA vírus do gênero Pestivirus, e da família Flaviridae. A BVD é transmitida de duas formas distintas: horizontal, por secreções, e de forma vertical em vacas prenhes, ocorrendo transmissão da vaca para o feto. Os sinais clínicos dependem do animal acometido, de sua capacidade imunológica, e no caso de fêmeas prenhes, da fase de gestação que a mesma se encontra. Uma infecção no período gestacional pode resultar em várias alterações como: anomalias congênitas, aborto, ou até mesmo no nascimento dos chamados animais persistentemente infectados (PI), que são fontes de difícil detecção e que tem papel epidemiológico muito importante dentro do rebanho bovino. A região Sudoeste do Paraná possui a maior bacia leiteira do estado do Paraná, sendo composta, predominantemente, por pequenos produtores, sendo que muitos destes, adotam medidas que aumentam o risco sanitário do seu rebanho. Objetivou-se com este estudo, delinear a prevalência sorológica de bovinos leiteiros não vacinados do município de Realeza-PR, perante o vírus da BVD-1, bem como, avaliar odds ratio, risco relativo e atribuído as variáveis independentes: raça, idade e comunidade em estudo. Para tal, 317 amostras de soro sanguíneo provenientes de fêmeas não vacinadas, de 18 diferentes propriedades, raças e idades foram avaliadas por meio de vírus neutralização para a detecção de anticorpos específicos a BVD-1. Os resultados demonstram que 17, 03% dos animais (54/317) foram positivos a sorologia de BVD-1, sendo que em 82,33 % (15/18) das propriedades havia ao menos um animal positivo. Animais da raça Jersey e da comunidade de linha Barra do Sarandi...(AU)

Serological prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD-1) in non-vaccinated dairy cattle in the municipality of Realeza-Paraná / Prevalência sorológica de diarreia viral bovina (BVD-1) em bovinos leiteiros não vacinados do município de Realeza-Paraná

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an infectious and contagious disease affecting cattle that is responsible for causing a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from inapparent or subclinical infections to an acute and sometimes fatal disease known as mucosal disease. The agent that causes BVD is an RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus and family Flaviridae. BVD is transmitted in two different ways: horizontal, by secretions, and vertically in pregnant cows, where the cow transmits the virus to the foetus. The clinical signs depend on the affected animal, its immunological capacity, and in the case of pregnant females, the gestation phase. A gestational infection can result in several changes, such as congenital anomalies, abortion, or even the birth of so-called persistently infected (PI) animals, which are difficult to detect and have a very important epidemiological role within the herd. The southwest region of Paraná has the largest dairy basin in the state of Paraná and is predominantly composed of family farmers, many of whom adopt measures that increase the health risk of their herd. The objective of this study was to delineate the serological prevalence of non-vaccinated dairy cattle in the municipality of Royalty-PR in relation to the BVD-1 virus, as well as to evaluate the odds ratios, relative risk and risk attributable to the independent variables of breed, age and the community under study. To that end, 317 blood serum samples from non-vaccinated cows from 18 different farms, with various breeds and ages, were evaluated by virus neutralization for the detection of antibodies specific to BVD-1. The results showed that 17.03% of the animals (54/317) had positive BVD-1 serology, and 82.33% (15/18) of the farms had at least one positive animal. Animals of the Jersey breed and the Barra do Sarandi Line community had the highest epidemiological risks, with a strong association with BVD-1 infection.

A Diarreia Viral Bovina (BVD) é uma doença infectocontagiosa que acomete bovinos, responsável por causar uma ampla gama de manifestações clínicas, que variam desde infecções inaparentes ou subclínicas até uma doença aguda e, por vezes, fatal conhecida como Doença das Mucosas. O agente causal da BVD é um RNA vírus do gênero Pestivirus, e da família Flaviridae. A BVD é transmitida de duas formas distintas: horizontal, por secreções, e de forma vertical em vacas prenhes, ocorrendo transmissão da vaca para o feto. Os sinais clínicos dependem do animal acometido, de sua capacidade imunológica, e no caso de fêmeas prenhes, da fase de gestação que a mesma se encontra. Uma infecção no período gestacional pode resultar em várias alterações como: anomalias congênitas, aborto, ou até mesmo no nascimento dos chamados animais persistentemente infectados (PI), que são fontes de difícil detecção e que tem papel epidemiológico muito importante dentro do rebanho bovino. A região Sudoeste do Paraná possui a maior bacia leiteira do estado do Paraná, sendo composta, predominantemente, por pequenos produtores, sendo que muitos destes, adotam medidas que aumentam o risco sanitário do seu rebanho. Objetivou-se com este estudo, delinear a prevalência sorológica de bovinos leiteiros não vacinados do município de Realeza-PR, perante o vírus da BVD-1, bem como, avaliar odds ratio, risco relativo e atribuído as variáveis independentes: raça, idade e comunidade em estudo. Para tal, 317 amostras de soro sanguíneo provenientes de fêmeas não vacinadas, de 18 diferentes propriedades, raças e idades foram avaliadas por meio de vírus neutralização para a detecção de anticorpos específicos a BVD-1. Os resultados demonstram que 17, 03% dos animais (54/317) foram positivos a sorologia de BVD-1, sendo que em 82,33 % (15/18) das propriedades havia ao menos um animal positivo. Animais da raça Jersey e da comunidade de linha Barra do Sarandi...

Uso de complexo homeopático reduz o parasitismo por carrapatos e amplia o intervalo de tempo entre tratamentos com acaricidas / Homeopathic complex decreases tick parasitism and increases the interval between treatments with acaricides

O presente trabalho avaliou a segurança e eficácia de 2 formulações homeopáticas no tratamento populacional de bovinos naturalmente parasitados com carrapatos da espécie Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Foram realizados 2 experimentos utilizando complexos homeopáticos distintos, ambos com 20 vacas adultas, raça holandesa, em diferentes estágios de lactação, distribuídas em grupo controle (n= 10) e grupo tratado (n= 10) num estudo randomizado com duplo cego. A contagem de carrapatos foi registrada nos dias 7, 14, 21 e 28 após o tratamento homeopático e, posteriormente, em intervalos de 15 dias até o dia 140 do Experimento 01 e o dia 197 do Experimento 02. A formulação homeopática utilizada no Experimento 01 apresentou eficácia de 21,1%, sendo necessária intervenção com tratamento convencional durante o período de 140 dias. A eficácia do complexo homeopático no Experimento 02 foi de 6,7%. Os resultados foram seguros e eficazes na terapia antiparasitária, tendo bons resultados quando complementados com o uso racional e correto de acaricidas. (AU)

In the present study evaluated the efficacy of 2 homeopathic formulas in the treatment of cattle naturally with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks. Two experiments were carried out using different combinations of homeopathic medicines, with 20 adult Holstein cows, in different stages of lactation, allocated to the control (n= 10) and treated (n= 10) groups in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Tick count was performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after homeopathic treatment ,and then at 15-day intervals up to day 140 in Experiment 1 and day 197 in Experiment 2. Efficacy in Experiment 1 was 21.1%, while conventional intervention was required along the 140-day period. Efficacy in Experiment 2 was 6.7%. The results indicate that the tested homeopathic formulas were safe and efficacious, outcomes being satisfactory when homeopathic treatment was combined with rational and correct conventional treatment. (AU)

Enzootic instability for bovine anaplasmosis on family farms located in southwestern Paraná, Brazil / Instabilidade enzoótica para anaplasmose bovina em propriedades de agricultura familiar do sudoeste paranaense, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the occurence of animals seropositive for Anaplasma marginale in the municipality of Realeza, Paraná State, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 344 cows on 18 small farms in the municipality of Realeza-PR. The animalsserum samples were forwarded to the Federal University of Fronteira do Sul, in order to investigate the occurrence of anti-A. marginale IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay commercial kit. IgG antibodies to A. marginale were detected in cattle from 77.7% of the farms. To the best author's knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of A. marginale in cattle in southwestern Paraná. The serological assay showed that 24.4% of the animals were seropositive, thus characterizing the location investigated as an area of enzootic instability for the disease. The family farms located in the municipality of Realeza-PR showed enzootic instability for bovine anaplasmosis. It is necessary to conduct disease monitoring programs in association with preventive measures in order to ensure the sanitary quality of the herds and to reduce economic losses for the farmers. In addition, it is essential to implement educational extension actions that allow farmers to acquire knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding the risk factors that contribute towards herd A. marginale-infection.(AU)

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de animais soropositivos para Anaplasma marginale, no município de Realeza, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 344 fêmeas bovinas provenientes de 18 propriedades rurais do município de Realeza - PR. Amostras de soro dos animais foram encaminhadas à Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, para realização do Ensaio Imunoenzimático Indireto para pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti- Anaplasma marginale por meio de kit comercial. Anticorpos IG anti-A. marginale foram detectados em 77,7% das propriedades. Trata-se do primeiro registro da ocorrência de A. marginale no Sudoeste paranaense. A sorologia evidenciou 24,4% de animais soropositivos, caracterizando o local pesquisado como área de instabilidade enzoótica para a doença. As propriedades de agricultura familiar, localizadas no município de Realeza-PR, apresentaram instabilidade enzoótica para anaplasmose bovina. É necessário que programas de monitoramento da enfermidade sejam realizados em conjunto com medidas de prevenção, visando garantir qualidade sanitária do rebanho e reduzir perdas econômicas dos produtores rurais. Além disso, é fundamental a realização de ações de extensão que viabilizem a aquisição de conhecimento, atitude e percepção dos criadores diante dos fatores de risco contribuintes para a infecção por A. marginale do rebanho.(AU)

Changes hematological and biochemical caused by Anaplasma marginale in dairy cattle suitability of southwest region Paraná / Alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas causadas por Anaplasma marginale em bovinos com aptidão leiteira da região Sudoeste do Paraná

The objective of this study was to describe the hematological and biochemical complications in cattle of southwestern Paraná region infected with Anaplasma, comparing these changes with the parameters presented by healthy cattle from the same region. We evaluated 40 cows with milk aptitude, 20 clinically suspected of being infected by the parasite and other 20 healthy, which served as a control group. Blood counts were performed in automated hematology counter. For the differential white cell count and agent search was held smears. Albumin analysis, total protein (TP), urea, creatinine, aspartate-aminotransferase and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase were carried out in semi-automatic biochemical analyzer. The results were evaluated using SPSS, version 20.0, and submitted to the Student t test. The diagnosis was made by identifying the hemoparasite in blood smears. Infected mice had a parasitemia ranging from 11 to 20%. We found statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) among the following: hematocrit of infected (17,99±1,49%) and healthy controls (29,38±0,96%); number of red blood cells infected (3,71±0,39x106/ L) and healthy controls (7,23±0,37x106/L); of infected hemoglobin (6,08±0,65g/dL) and healthy controls (9,96±0,33g/dL); VCM infected (52,60±3,07fL) and healthy controls (41,34±1,31fL); of infected monocytes (1353,27±373,61/L) and healthy controls (517,84±113,22/μL); PT (total protein) of infected (7,60±0,18g/dL) and healthy controls (5,90±0,28g/dL). Infected animals showed marked anemia and serum increase in PT. We conclude that these blood parasites cause monocytosis and severe clinical signs resulting from severe anemia, but do not alter markers of liver and renal function of cattle in the clinical form of Anaplasmosis.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as complicações hematológicas e bioquímicas em bovinos da região Sudoeste do Paraná infectados por Anaplasma marginale, comparando estas alterações com os parâmetros apresentados por bovinos sadios da mesma região. Foram avaliadas 40 vacas com aptidão leiteira, sendo 20 clinicamente suspeitas de estarem infectadas pelo parasito e outras 20 sadias, que serviram como grupo controle. O hemograma foi realizado em contador hematológico automático. Para a contagem diferencial de células brancas e pesquisa do agente realizou-se esfregaço sanguíneo. As análises de albumina, proteínas totais (PT), uréria, creatinina, aspartato-aminotrasferase, e gama-glutamiltransferase séricas, foram realizadas em analisador bioquímico semi-automático. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados através do programa SPSS, versão 20.0, sendo submetidos ao Teste t de Student. O diagnóstico foi realizado pela identificação do hemoparasito em esfregaço sanguíneo. Os animais infectados apresentaram uma parasitemia que variou de 11 a 20%. Constatou-se diferença estatística significante (p < 0,01), entre os seguintes parâmetros: hematócrito das infectadas (17,99±1,49%) e sadias (29,38±0,96); número de hemácias das infectadas (3,71±0,39x106/L) e sadias (7,23±0,37x106/L); hemoglobina das infectadas (6,08±0,65g/dL) e sadias (9,96±0,33g/dL); VCM das infectadas (52,60±3,07fL) e sadias (41,34±1,31fL); monócitos das infectadas (1353,27±373,61/μL) e sadias (517,84±113,22/μL); PT (proteínas totais) das infectadas (7,60±0,18g/dL) e sadias (5,90±0,28g/dL). Os animais infectados apresentaram acentuada anemia e aumento sérico das PT. Conclui-se que estes hemoparasitos provocam monocitose e sinais clínicos graves decorrentes da anemia acentuada, porém não alteram os marcadores da função hepática e renal de bovinos na forma clínica de Anaplasmose.(AU)

Enzootic instability for bovine anaplasmosis on family farms located in southwestern Paraná, Brazil / Instabilidade enzoótica para anaplasmose bovina em propriedades de agricultura familiar do sudoeste paranaense, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the occurence of animals seropositive for Anaplasma marginale in the municipality of Realeza, Paraná State, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 344 cows on 18 small farms in the municipality of Realeza-PR. The animals’serum samples were forwarded to the Federal University of Fronteira do Sul, in order to investigate the occurrence of anti-A. marginale IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay commercial kit. IgG antibodies to A. marginale were detected in cattle from 77.7% of the farms. To the best author's knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of A. marginale in cattle in southwestern Paraná. The serological assay showed that 24.4% of the animals were seropositive, thus characterizing the location investigated as an area of enzootic instability for the disease. The family farms located in the municipality of Realeza-PR showed enzootic instability for bovine anaplasmosis. It is necessary to conduct disease monitoring programs in association with preventive measures in order to ensure the sanitary quality of the herds and to reduce economic losses for the farmers. In addition, it is essential to implement educational extension actions that allow farmers to acquire knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding the risk factors that contribute towards herd A. marginale-infection.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de animais soropositivos para Anaplasma marginale, no município de Realeza, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 344 fêmeas bovinas provenientes de 18 propriedades rurais do município de Realeza - PR. Amostras de soro dos animais foram encaminhadas à Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, para realização do Ensaio Imunoenzimático Indireto para pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti- Anaplasma marginale por meio de kit comercial. Anticorpos IG anti-A. marginale foram detectados em 77,7% das propriedades. Trata-se do primeiro registro da ocorrência de A. marginale no Sudoeste paranaense. A sorologia evidenciou 24,4% de animais soropositivos, caracterizando o local pesquisado como área de instabilidade enzoótica para a doença. As propriedades de agricultura familiar, localizadas no município de Realeza-PR, apresentaram instabilidade enzoótica para anaplasmose bovina. É necessário que programas de monitoramento da enfermidade sejam realizados em conjunto com medidas de prevenção, visando garantir qualidade sanitária do rebanho e reduzir perdas econômicas dos produtores rurais. Além disso, é fundamental a realização de ações de extensão que viabilizem a aquisição de conhecimento, atitude e percepção dos criadores diante dos fatores de risco contribuintes para a infecção por A. marginale do rebanho.

Enzootic instability for bovine anaplasmosis on family farms located in southwestern Paraná, Brazil.

The objective of this study was to assess the occurence of animals seropositive for Anaplasma marginale in the municipality of Realeza, Paraná State, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 344 cows on 18 small farms in the municipality of Realeza-PR. The animals'serum samples were forwarded to the Federal University of Fronteira do Sul, in order to investigate the occurrence of anti-A. marginale IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay commercial kit. IgG antibodies to A. marginale were detected in cattle from 77.7% of the farms. To the best author's knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of A. marginale in cattle in southwestern Paraná. The serological assay showed that 24.4% of the animals were seropositive, thus characterizing the location investigated as an area of enzootic instability for the disease. The family farms located in the municipality of Realeza-PR showed enzootic instability for bovine anaplasmosis. It is necessary to conduct disease monitoring programs in association with preventive measures in order to ensure the sanitary quality of the herds and to reduce economic losses for the farmers. In addition, it is essential to implement educational extension actions that allow farmers to acquire knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding the risk factors that contribute towards herd A. marginale-infection.

Alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas causadas por Anaplasma marginale em bovinos com aptidão leiteira da região Sudoeste do Paraná / Changes hematological and biochemical caused by Anaplasma marginale in dairy cattle suitability of southwest region Paraná

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as complicações hematológicas e bioquímicas em bovinos da região Sudoeste do Paraná infectados por Anaplasma marginale, comparando estas alterações com os parâmetros apresentados por bovinos sadios da mesma região. Foram avaliadas 40 vacas com aptidão leiteira, sendo 20 clinicamente suspeitas de estarem infectadas pelo parasito e outras 20 sadias, que serviram como grupo controle. O hemograma foi realizado em contador hematológico automático. Para a contagem diferencial de células brancas e pesquisa do agente realizou-se esfregaço sanguíneo. As análises de albumina, proteínas totais (PT), uréria, creatinina, aspartato-aminotrasferase, e gama-glutamiltransferase séricas, foram realizadas em analisador bioquímico semi-automático. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados através do programa SPSS, versão 20.0, sendo submetidos ao Teste t de Student. O diagnóstico foi realizado pela identificação do hemoparasito em esfregaço sanguíneo. Os animais infectados apresentaram uma parasitemia que variou de 11 a 20%. Constatou-se diferença estatística significante (p<0,01), entre os seguintes parâmetros: hematócrito das infectadas (17,99±1,49%) e sadias (29,38±0,96); número de hemácias das infectadas (3,71±0,39x106 /µL) e sadias (7,23±0,37x106 /µL); hemoglobina das infectadas (6,08±0,65g/dL) e sadias (9,96±0,33g/dL); VCM das infectadas (52,60±3,07fL) e sadias (41,34±1,31fL); monócitos das infectadas (1353,27±373,61/µL) e sadias (517,84±113,22/µL); PT (proteínas totais) das infectadas (7,60±0,18g/dL) e sadias (5,90±0,28g/dL). Os animais infectados apresentaram acentuada anemia e aumento sérico das PT. Conclui-se que estes hemoparasitos provocam monocitose e sinais clínicos graves decorrentes da anemia acentuada, porém não alteram os marcadores da função hepática e renal de bovinos na forma clínica de Anaplasmose.

The objective of this study was to describe the hematological and biochemical complications in cattle of southwestern Paraná region infected with Anaplasma, comparing these changes with the parameters presented by healthy cattle from the same region. We evaluated 40 cows with milk aptitude, 20 clinically suspected of being infected by the parasite and other 20 healthy, which served as a control group. Blood counts were performed in automated hematology counter. For the differential white cell count and agent search was held smears. Albumin analysis, total protein (TP), urea, creatinine, aspartate-aminotransferase and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase were carried out in semi-automatic biochemical analyzer. The results were evaluated using SPSS, version 20.0, and submitted to the Student t test. The diagnosis was made by identifying the hemoparasite in blood smears. Infected mice had a parasitemia ranging from 11 to 20%. We found statistically significant differences (p<0.01) among the following: hematocrit of infected (17,99±1,49%) and healthy controls (29,38±0,96%); number of red blood cells infected (3,71±0,39x106 / µL) and healthy controls (7,23±0,37x106 /µL); of infected hemoglobin (6,08±0,65g/dL) and healthy controls (9,96±0,33g/dL); VCM infected (52,60±3,07fL) and healthy controls (41,34±1,31fL); of infected monocytes (1353,27±373,61/µL) and healthy controls (517,84±113,22/µL); PT (total protein) of infected (7,60±0,18g/dL) and healthy controls (5,90±0,28g/dL). Infected animals showed marked anemia and serum increase in PT. We conclude that these blood parasites cause monocytosis and severe clinical signs resulting from severe anemia, but do not alter markers of liver and renal function of cattle in the clinical form of Anaplasmosis.

Pathological alterations in dogs resulting from parasitism by Spirocerca Lupi

Background: Spirocercosis is considered to be an emerging pathological condition within veterinary medicine. The disease has worldwide distribution, although the greatest prevalence has been described in tropical and subtropical regions. The infection rate is affected by the interrelationships between the density of the dog population and intermediate hosts. The aim of this study was report the morphological and histopathological characteristics of natural infection by Spirocerca lupi in dogs from Distrito Federal, Brazil. Cases: Records were obtained from 10 dogs diagnosed with spirocercosis at the Pathology Sector, School of Veterinary Medicine, União Pioneira de Integração Social (UPIS), in Brasília, Federal District. For six animals, the diagnosis was confirmed through necropsy. Two dogs presented aortic rupture, thus resulting in hemothorax and consequent hypovolemic shock. Another animal presented gastric nodules, erratic migration to the lungs and renal and splenic infarction due to aortic thromboembolism. One dog presented neoplastic transformation of the esophageal granuloma to osteosarcoma. The age of the dogs ranged from one to eight years and the weight ranged from 15 to 40 kg. The clinical histories were similar: regurgitation (10/10), emesis (5/10), dysphagia (7/10), weight loss (10/10), weakness (3/10) and dyspnea (4/10). Esophageal nodules measured 1 to 5 cm in [...](AU)

Occurrences of eimeriosis in calves reared on small family farms - Scientific report / Ocorrência de eimeriose em bezerros criados em propriedades de agricultura familiar - Nota científica

Occurrences of eimeriosis were investigated among 110 Holstein-Friesian calves belonging to ten small family farms. Feces samples were collected from the rectum and were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative parasitological methods. In vitro sporulation was induced in feces samples positive for Eimeria sp. in order to subsequently identify the species under the microscope. All the farms were positive for species of the genus Eimeria with a prevalence of parasitized animals 48.2% for Eimeria. Eight species of the genus Eimeria were identified, among which E. bovis, E. auburnensis, and E. alabamensis were the most frequent, accounting for 23.6%, 11.8%, and 9.1%, respectively. Animals of up to six months of age that were managed collectively on pasture presented greater positivity for enteroparasites. The high prevalence of parasitic infection in young animals, especially due to coccidia of considerable pathogenicity, is an indicator of failure of sanitary management. Careful monitoring using specific drugs for controlling infections and reducing losses from animal rearing is needed.(AU)

A ocorrência de eimeriose foi pesquisada em 110 bezerros da raça holandesa pertencentes a dez propriedades de agricultura familiar. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas via retal e analisadas por métodos parasitológicos qualitativos e quantitativos. Amostras de fezes positivas para Eimeria sp. foram submetidas à esporulação in vitro para posterior  identificação microscópica da espécie. Todas as propriedades apresentaram positividade enteroparasitária por espécies do gênero Eimeria havendo uma prevalência de 48,2% dos animais parasitados. Foram identificadas oito espécies do gênero Eimeria, sendo E. Bovis, E. auburnensis e E. alabamensis as mais frequentes, com 23,6%, 11,8% e 9,1%, respectivamente. Animais com até seis meses de idade manejados de forma coletiva e a pasto apresentaram maior positividade enteroparasitária. A elevada prevalência de infecção parasitária em animais jovens, principalmente por coccidios de considerável patogenicidade, é indicador de falhas no manejo sanitário, sendo necessário criterioso monitoramento com uso de fármacos específicos para controlar infecções e reduzir perdas zootécnicas.(AU)

Pathological alterations in dogs resulting from parasitism by Spirocerca Lupi

Background: Spirocercosis is considered to be an emerging pathological condition within veterinary medicine. The disease has worldwide distribution, although the greatest prevalence has been described in tropical and subtropical regions. The infection rate is affected by the interrelationships between the density of the dog population and intermediate hosts. The aim of this study was report the morphological and histopathological characteristics of natural infection by Spirocerca lupi in dogs from Distrito Federal, Brazil. Cases: Records were obtained from 10 dogs diagnosed with spirocercosis at the Pathology Sector, School of Veterinary Medicine, União Pioneira de Integração Social (UPIS), in Brasília, Federal District. For six animals, the diagnosis was confirmed through necropsy. Two dogs presented aortic rupture, thus resulting in hemothorax and consequent hypovolemic shock. Another animal presented gastric nodules, erratic migration to the lungs and renal and splenic infarction due to aortic thromboembolism. One dog presented neoplastic transformation of the esophageal granuloma to osteosarcoma. The age of the dogs ranged from one to eight years and the weight ranged from 15 to 40 kg. The clinical histories were similar: regurgitation (10/10), emesis (5/10), dysphagia (7/10), weight loss (10/10), weakness (3/10) and dyspnea (4/10). Esophageal nodules measured 1 to 5 cm in [...]

OCORRÊNCIA DE EIMERIOSE EM BEZERROS CRIADOS EM PROPRIEDADES DE AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR - NOTA CIENTÍFICA

Abstract Occurrences of eimeriosis were investigated among 110 Holstein-Friesian calves belonging to ten small family farms. Feces samples were collected from the rectum and were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative parasitological methods. In vitro sporulation was induced in feces samples positive for Eimeria sp. in order to subsequently identify the species under the microscope. All the farms were positive for species of the genus Eimeria with a prevalence of parasitized animals 48.2% for Eimeria. Eight species of the genus Eimeria were identified, among which E. bovis, E. auburnensis, and E. alabamensis were the most frequent, accounting for 23.6%, 11.8%, and 9.1%, respectively. Animals of up to six months of age that were managed collectively on pasture presented greater positivity for enteroparasites. The high prevalence of parasitic infection in young animals, especially due to coccidia of considerable pathogenicity, is an indicator of failure of sanitary management. Careful monitoring using specific drugs for controlling infections and reducing losses from animal rearing is needed.

Resumo A ocorrência de eimeriose foi pesquisada em 110 bezerros da raça holandesa pertencentes a dez propriedades de agricultura familiar. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas via retal e analisadas por métodos parasitológicos qualitativos e quantitativos. Amostras de fezes positivas para Eimeria sp. foram submetidas à esporulação in vitro para posterior identificação microscópica da espécie. Todas as propriedades apresentaram positividade enteroparasitária por espécies do gênero Eimeria havendo uma prevalência de 48,2% dos animais parasitados. Foram identificadas oito espécies do gênero Eimeria, sendo E. Bovis, E. auburnensis e E. alabamensis as mais frequentes, com 23,6%, 11,8% e 9,1%, respectivamente. Animais com até seis meses de idade manejados de forma coletiva e a pasto apresentaram maior positividade enteroparasitária. A elevada prevalência de infecção parasitária em animais jovens, principalmente por coccidios de considerável patogenicidade, é indicador de falhas no manejo sanitário, sendo necessário criterioso monitoramento com uso de fármacos específicos para controlar infecções e reduzir perdas zootécnicas.

Occurrences of eimeriosis in calves reared on small family farms - Scientific report / Ocorrência de eimeriose em bezerros criados em propriedades de agricultura familiar - Nota científica

Occurrences of eimeriosis were investigated among 110 Holstein-Friesian calves belonging to ten small family farms. Feces samples were collected from the rectum and were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative parasitological methods. In vitro sporulation was induced in feces samples positive for Eimeria sp. in order to subsequently identify the species under the microscope. All the farms were positive for species of the genus Eimeria with a prevalence of parasitized animals 48.2% for Eimeria. Eight species of the genus Eimeria were identified, among which E. bovis, E. auburnensis, and E. alabamensis were the most frequent, accounting for 23.6%, 11.8%, and 9.1%, respectively. Animals of up to six months of age that were managed collectively on pasture presented greater positivity for enteroparasites. The high prevalence of parasitic infection in young animals, especially due to coccidia of considerable pathogenicity, is an indicator of failure of sanitary management. Careful monitoring using specific drugs for controlling infections and reducing losses from animal rearing is needed.

A ocorrência de eimeriose foi pesquisada em 110 bezerros da raça holandesa pertencentes a dez propriedades de agricultura familiar. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas via retal e analisadas por métodos parasitológicos qualitativos e quantitativos. Amostras de fezes positivas para Eimeria sp. foram submetidas à esporulação in vitro para posterior  identificação microscópica da espécie. Todas as propriedades apresentaram positividade enteroparasitária por espécies do gênero Eimeria havendo uma prevalência de 48,2% dos animais parasitados. Foram identificadas oito espécies do gênero Eimeria, sendo E. Bovis, E. auburnensis e E. alabamensis as mais frequentes, com 23,6%, 11,8% e 9,1%, respectivamente. Animais com até seis meses de idade manejados de forma coletiva e a pasto apresentaram maior positividade enteroparasitária. A elevada prevalência de infecção parasitária em animais jovens, principalmente por coccidios de considerável patogenicidade, é indicador de falhas no manejo sanitário, sendo necessário criterioso monitoramento com uso de fármacos específicos para controlar infecções e reduzir perdas zootécnicas.

Metabolic alterations in broiler chickens experimentally infected with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima.

Metabolic and morphometric alterations of the duodenal villi caused by parasitism of chickens by Eimeria maxima were evaluated, using 100 male Cobb birds, randomly distributed into two groups (control and infected). The infected group was inoculated with 0.5 ml of a solution containing 5 × 10³ sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima. Ten birds per sample were sacrificed on the 6th, 11th, 22nd and 41st days post-infection (dpi). In order to evaluate the alterations, samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum fragments were collected after necropsy for histological analysis. Villus biometry was determined by means of a slide graduated in microns that was attached to a binocular microscope. To evaluate the biochemical data, 5 ml of blood were sampled from the birds before sacrifice. The statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad 5 statistical software for Windows. Tukey's multiple comparison test (p <0.05) was performed for the different dpi's and the unpaired t test for the difference between the groups. Infection by E. maxima causes both qualitative and quantitative alterations to the structure of the intestinal villi, thereby interfering with the absorption of nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein and lipids, with consequent reductions in the birds' weights.

Metabolic alterations in broiler chickens experimentally infected with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima / Alterações metabólicas em frangos de corte infectados experimentalmente com oocistos esporulados de Eimeria maxima

Metabolic and morphometric alterations of the duodenal villi caused by parasitism of chickens by Eimeria maxima were evaluated, using 100 male Cobb birds, randomly distributed into two groups (control and infected). The infected group was inoculated with 0.5 ml of a solution containing 5×103 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima. Ten birds per sample were sacrificed on the 6th, 11th, 22nd and 41st days post-infection (dpi). In order to evaluate the alterations, samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum fragments were collected after necropsy for histological analysis. Villus biometry was determined by means of a slide graduated in microns that was attached to a binocular microscope. To evaluate the biochemical data, 5 ml of blood were sampled from the birds before sacrifice. The statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad 5 statistical software for Windows. Tukey's multiple comparison test (p <0.05) was performed for the different dpi's and the unpaired t test for the difference between the groups. Infection by E. maxima causes both qualitative and quantitative alterations to the structure of the intestinal villi, thereby interfering with the absorption of nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein and lipids, with consequent reductions in the birds' weights.

Foram avaliadas alterações metabólicas e morfométricas das vilosidades intestinais causadas pelo parasitismo de frangos por Eimeria maxima, sendo utilizadas 100 aves da linhagem Coob, machos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: grupo controle, inoculado com 0,5 ml de água destilada; grupo infectado, inoculado com 0,5ml de solução contendo 5×103 oocistos esporulados de Eimeria maxima. Foram sacrificadas 10 aves por coleta no 0, 6, 11, 22 e 41 dias pós-infecção. Para avaliar as alterações foram retiradas, após necropsia, amostras de fragmentos do duodeno, jejuno e íleo para análise histológica. A determinação da biometria de vilosidades foi realizada por meio de lâmina milimetrada acoplada a um microscópio binocular. Para avaliação dos dados bioquímicos foram coletados 5 ml de sangue das aves antes da eutanásia. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas, utilizando-se o programa estatístico Graphpad Prism. 5 Windows e realizado o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (p <0,05) para os diferentes dpi's e o Teste T não Pareado para diferença entre os grupos. A infecção por E. maxima provoca alterações qualitativas e quantitativas das vilosidades intestinais, interferindo na absorção de nutrientes, como cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, proteínas e lipídios, com consequente redução no peso das aves.

Metabolic alterations in broiler chickens experimentally infected with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima / Alterações metabólicas em frangos de corte infectados experimentalmente com oocistos esporulados de Eimeria maxima

Metabolic and morphometric alterations of the duodenal villi caused by parasitism of chickens by Eimeria maxima were evaluated, using 100 male Cobb birds, randomly distributed into two groups (control and infected). The infected group was inoculated with 0.5 ml of a solution containing 5×103 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima. Ten birds per sample were sacrificed on the 6th, 11th, 22nd and 41st days post-infection (dpi). In order to evaluate the alterations, samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum fragments were collected after necropsy for histological analysis. Villus biometry was determined by means of a slide graduated in microns that was attached to a binocular microscope. To evaluate the biochemical data, 5 ml of blood were sampled from the birds before sacrifice. The statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad 5 statistical software for Windows. Tukey's multiple comparison test (p <0.05) was performed for the different dpi's and the unpaired t test for the difference between the groups. Infection by E. maxima causes both qualitative and quantitative alterations to the structure of the intestinal villi, thereby interfering with the absorption of nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein and lipids, with consequent reductions in the birds' weights.

Foram avaliadas alterações metabólicas e morfométricas das vilosidades intestinais causadas pelo parasitismo de frangos por Eimeria maxima, sendo utilizadas 100 aves da linhagem Coob, machos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: grupo controle, inoculado com 0,5 ml de água destilada; grupo infectado, inoculado com 0,5ml de solução contendo 5×103 oocistos esporulados de Eimeria maxima. Foram sacrificadas 10 aves por coleta no 0, 6, 11, 22 e 41 dias pós-infecção. Para avaliar as alterações foram retiradas, após necropsia, amostras de fragmentos do duodeno, jejuno e íleo para análise histológica. A determinação da biometria de vilosidades foi realizada por meio de lâmina milimetrada acoplada a um microscópio binocular. Para avaliação dos dados bioquímicos foram coletados 5 ml de sangue das aves antes da eutanásia. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas, utilizando-se o programa estatístico Graphpad Prism. 5 – Windows e realizado o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (p <0,05) para os diferentes dpi's e o Teste T não Pareado para diferença entre os grupos. A infecção por E. maxima provoca alterações qualitativas e quantitativas das vilosidades intestinais, interferindo na absorção de nutrientes, como cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, proteínas e lipídios, com consequente redução no peso das aves.

Experimental Infection with Sporulated Oocysts of Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Broiler.

Through this study we assessed the metabolic and pathological changes in broilers experimentally infected with oocysts of Eimeria maxima. To perform the experiment, we used 150 broiler strain cooB males, with ten days of age, were randomized according to weight and randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the control group was inoculated with 0.5 mL of distilled water; the infected group inoculated with 0.5 mL of solution containing 5 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima. The live performance was evaluated on day 0 (day of inoculation), 5°, 10°, 15°, 25°, and 35° dpi, being slaughtered by cervical dislocation, fifteen birds/group. Although the sum in meat production was higher in the control group, the weight of the heart and gizzard of the experimental animals showed no significant difference, while the liver had difference on day 5°, 15°, and 35° dpi. The pathologic evaluation showed congested mucosa and presence of large amounts of mucus at 6 dpi. Therefore, it is concluded that the dose of 5 × 10(4) E. maxima inoculated in the experimental group was enough to cause harm to the animal organism.

Aspectos morfológicos do proventrículo e ventrículo gástrico de Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827) / Morphological aspects of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos morfológicos do proventrículo e ventrículo gástrico de Crypturellus parvirostris (inhambú-chororó). Foram utilizados dois animais machos, adultos, com uma média de peso de 939 g ± 12,7 procedentes da região de Araguaína-TO. Após a captura, os animais foram eutanasiados por meio da aplicação de tiopental sódico a 2,5%, por via intravenosa, até que o coma barbitúrico fosse atingido. Posteriormente foram necropsiados, tendo seus órgãos avaliados morfologicamente. Os aspectos anátomo-histológicos do proventrículo e ventrículo gástrico de C. parvirostris assemelham-se aos dos demais tinamídeos, porém há carência em dados morfológicos relacionados à família Tinamidae.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of Crypturellus parvirostris. Two adult males were used, with a mean weight of 939 ± 12.7 g, from the region of Araguaína, State of Tocantins. After capture, the birds were euthanized through intravenous application of 2.5% sodium thiopental until barbiturate coma was attained. Then, they were necropsied and their organs and viscera were evaluated morphologically. The anatomical and histological characteristics of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of C. parvirostris were similar to those of other tinamid species, but there is a lack of morphological data related to the family Tinamidae.(AU)

Aspectos morfológicos do proventrículo e ventrículo gástrico de Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827) / Morphological aspects of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos morfológicos do proventrículo e ventrículo gástrico de Crypturellus parvirostris (inhambú-chororó). Foram utilizados dois animais machos, adultos, com uma média de peso de 939 g ± 12,7 procedentes da região de Araguaína-TO. Após a captura, os animais foram eutanasiados por meio da aplicação de tiopental sódico a 2,5%, por via intravenosa, até que o coma barbitúrico fosse atingido. Posteriormente foram necropsiados, tendo seus órgãos avaliados morfologicamente. Os aspectos anátomo-histológicos do proventrículo e ventrículo gástrico de C. parvirostris assemelham-se aos dos demais tinamídeos, porém há carência em dados morfológicos relacionados à família Tinamidae.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of Crypturellus parvirostris. Two adult males were used, with a mean weight of 939 ± 12.7 g, from the region of Araguaína, State of Tocantins. After capture, the birds were euthanized through intravenous application of 2.5% sodium thiopental until barbiturate coma was attained. Then, they were necropsied and their organs and viscera were evaluated morphologically. The anatomical and histological characteristics of the proventriculus and gastric ventricle of C. parvirostris were similar to those of other tinamid species, but there is a lack of morphological data related to the family Tinamidae.