ABSTRACT
Eremanthus erythropappus hosts globoid stem galls induced by Neolasioptera sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) close to the stem apex, which do not compromise the shoot apical meristem (SAM). We hypothesize that maintenance of the SAM, as well as the increasing number of leaves per branch and of galled stem lengths and diameters, are a consequence of alterations in vascular cells and, consequently, in the priority for water flow from non-galled stems to the stem galls. Our study focuses on the globoid stem galls to evaluate if gall induction and development promote changes in structure and function of secondary xylem cells. Anatomical, cytological, histometric and physiological methods were used to analyse non-galled stem branches (NGS), mature globoid stem galls and stem portions below and above the galls. These analyses revealed that vessel elements are larger in stem galls and in stem portions above the galls. Under Neolasioptera sp. induction activity, the vascular cambium of E. erythropappus produces less numerous but larger vessel elements and overproduces parenchyma cells. Contrary to the vascular constriction hypothesis proposed for bacterial galls, the vascular traits of the Neolasioptera sp. stem galls on E. erythropappus result in priority for water flow to galls and the non-galled portions above the galls, allowing the maintenance of galled stem growth and development.
Subject(s)
Asteraceae , Diptera , Animals , Meristem , Plant Leaves , Plant Tumors , WoodABSTRACT
Avaliaram-se peso vivo, temperatura retal, comportamento, escore fecal e hemograma em 20 cães, sem raça definida, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais com cinco animais cada, duas fêmeas e três machos, submetidos ao arraçoamento padrão (grupo I - controle), à fluidoterapia intravenosa (grupo II), à nutrição enteral por gastrostomia (grupo III) e à nutrição parenteral total (grupo IV). Os tratamentos duraram sete dias, precedidos por dois dias de jejum alimentar. Os animais do grupo II apresentaram a maior perda de peso (P<0,05), e os do grupo IV flebite, já no segundo dia de tratamento. Não foram observadas alterações no eritrograma (P>0,05). Os animais do grupo II apresentaram valores abaixo dos de referência para hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito, sugerindo anemia normocítica normocrômica. A fixação da sonda gástrica, via endoscopia, levou a alterações no número total de leucócito (P<0,05), causando desvio à esquerda regenerativo nos animais do grupo II. A velocidade de administração da solução parenteral deve ser monitorada quando se utiliza o acesso venoso periférico.
Body weight, rectal temperature, behavior, fecal score and hemogram were evaluated in 20 crossbred dogs, randomly alloted in four experimental groups, being five animals in each group, two females and three males. Those animals were alloted to standard feeding (group I - control), intravenous fluid therapy (group II), enteral nutrition through gastrotomy (group III) and total parenteral nutrition (group IV). The treatments lasted seven days, preceded by two days of fasting. The animals of group II showed the highest weigth loss (P<0.05), and the animals of group IV showed phlebitis, since the second day of treatment. No changes were observed in red blood cell count (P>0.05), however, the animals of group II showed lower values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, suggesting normocytic normochromic anemia. The gastric tube placement, through endoscopy, led to alteration of the total number of leukocytes (P<0.05), causing a regenerative left shift in the animals of group II. The administration rate of the parenteral nutrition solution must be monitored when a peripheral venous access is used.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Weight Gain/physiology , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Complementary Therapies/adverse effectsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Mortality data are important for monitoring violence, making it possible to assess the trends and the impact of interventions towards its reduction. The objective of the study is to assess the quality of the filling out and codification of the death certificates for unspecified accidents and events of undetermined intent in the city of S. Paulo in 1996. METHODS: Death certificates on which the underlying cause of death (UCD) given was an unspecified accident (ICD-10 X59) or an event of undetermined intent (ICD-10 Y10-Y34) were selected for investigation at the Legal Medicine Institute (IML). After consulting the police reports which accompany the corpses to the IML, the autopsy reports and other legal forms, these were analysed and the UCD was recoded. RESULTS: For unspecified accidents, 53.2% were changed to a specified cause: 15.1% due to pedestrians injured in traffic accidents, 17.5% due to other traffic accidents and 14.5% due to falls. Homicides and suicides constituted 9.8%. In 20.9% no additional information was found. For events of undetermined intent, 2/3 had no clarification; in 1/3 of the cases, the underlying cause changed to falls (10.6%), homicides (7.5%) and pedestrians injured in transport accidents (6. 7%). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of mortality information by external causes in the City of S. Paulo is not satisfactory. The IML has not used all the available information to fill out the death certificates. The findings reveal that the instruction of the World Health Organization and the Brazilian Center for the Classification of Diseases to codify as accidents those events for which there is no information on the death certificate about the external cause, does not seem to be appropriate. In that category 66.0% of the deaths were found to have been inferred incorrectly as accidental. The improvement of the quality of mortality data due to external causes may contribute to the monitoring of violence and may give support to decisions leading to its reduction whatever the form that violence may take.
