Gross, organoleptic and histologic assessment of cadaveric equine heads preserved using chemical methods for veterinary surgical teaching.

BACKGROUND: Preservation of biological tissues has been used since ancient times. Regardless of the method employed, tissue preservation is thought to be a vital step in veterinary surgery teaching and learning. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the usability of chemically preserved cadaveric equine heads for surgical teaching in veterinary medicine. METHODS: Six cadaveric equine heads were collected immediately after death or euthanasia and frozen until fixation. Fixation was achieved by using a hypertonic solution consisting of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, and an alcoholic solution containing ethanol and glycerin. Chemically preserved specimens were stored at low temperatures (2°C to 6°C) in a conventional refrigerator. The specimens were submitted to gross and organoleptic assessment right after fixative solution injection (D0) and within 10, 20, and 30 days of fixation (D10, D20, and D30, respectively). Samples of tissue from skin, tongue, oral vestibule, and masseter muscle were collected for histological evaluation at the same time points. RESULTS: Physical and organoleptic assessments revealed excellent specimen quality (mean scores higher than 4 on a 5-point scale) in most cases. In some specimens, lower scores (3) were assigned to the range of mouth opening, particularly on D0 and D10. A reduced the range of mouth opening may be a limiting factor in teaching activities involving structures located in the oral cavity. CONCLUSIONS: The excellent physical, histologic, and organoleptic characteristics of the specimens in this sample support their usability in teaching within the time frame considered. Appropriate physical and organoleptic characteristics (color, texture, odor, and flexibility) of the specimens in this study support the use of the method described for preparation of reusable anatomical specimens.

Intercellular interactions between mast cells and stromal fibroblasts obtained from canine cutaneous mast cell tumours.

Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are the most frequent malignant skin neoplasm in dogs. Due to the difficulty in purifying large numbers of canine neoplastic mast cells, relatively little is known about their properties. A reproducible in vitro model is needed to increase the understanding about the phenotype and functional properties of neoplastic mast cells. In the present study, we describe the establishment of primary cocultures of neoplastic mast cells from canine cutaneous MCTs and cancer-associated fibroblasts. We confirmed the inability of canine neoplastic mast cells to remain viable for long periods in vitro without the addition of growth factors or in vivo passages in mice. Using a transwell system, we observed that mast cell viability was significantly higher when there is cell-to-cell contact in comparison to non-physical contact conditions and that mast cell viability was significantly higher in high-grade than in low-grade derived primary cultures. Moreover, the use of conditioned medium from co-cultured cells led to a significantly higher tumoral mast cell viability when in monoculture. Signalling mechanisms involved in these interactions might be attractive therapeutic targets to block canine MCT progression and deserve more in-depth investigations.

Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in Dogs Using Amniotic Membrane-Derived Stem Cells: Preliminary Results.

INTRODUCTION: Intervertebral disc diseases (IVDD) represent the majority of neurological attendance and responsible for the most cases of paralysis in dogs. Treatments currently used do not show satisfactory results in patients with more severe and chronic neurological manifestations. METHODS: To promote nerve and muscular recovery, as well as improve quality of life, we aimed to create a double-blind test method, associating spinal decompression surgery and allogeneic transplantation of amniotic membrane-derived stem cells (AMSCs) in dogs with chronic IVDD. Cells were characterized as fetal mesenchymal cells and safe for application. Eight animals completed the experiment: stem cell applications were made in four animals that had previously undergone an unsuccessful surgical procedure ("SC group", n = 4); two animals were submitted to surgery, followed by applications of stem cells ("Surgery + SC", n = 2); two other animals were submitted to surgery, followed by the application of saline solution ("Surgery + placebo", n = 2). During the surgical procedure, a topical application was performed on the lesion and after fifteen and forty-five days another two applications were made via epidural. Animals were monitored biweekly and reassessed three months after surgery, by functional tests and magnetic resonance exams. RESULTS: Some animals presented significant neurological improvement, such as the recovery of nociception and ability to remain on station. Despite the need further studies, until the present moment, cell therapy has been feasible and has no harmful effects on animals. CONCLUSION: The protocol of preclinical trial showed the association with decompressive surgery and cell transplantation in dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD proved feasible, and it was possible to observe neurological improvement after treatment. No tissue improvement through MRI was found. The double-blind test guaranteed reliability of the evaluations and results obtained that, even with a small sample size, generated satisfactory results for the animals and owners.

Evaluation of totally implantable catheters in healthy horses.

BACKGROUND: For horses requiring prolonged daily cephalic intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP), the use of a totally implantable catheter (TIC) could be indicated to reduce complications associated with frequent venipuncture or external catheterization. This study aims to evaluate the implantation technique of the TIC in the cephalic vein of horses for IVRLP, describe the complications associated with the device's placement and use, and assess its viability up to 60 days after implantation. Totally implantable catheters, cut to 15 cm (n = 5) and 46 cm (n = 5) in length, were implanted into one cephalic vein in ten adult horses (n = 10). Twenty-four hours following placement, IVRLP with contrast was performed via the TIC and evaluated with radiography. Physical examinations, lameness evaluation, hematologic assessment, and the catheter patency tests were performed at scheduled intervals for the duration of catheterization (7-60 days). RESULTS: Catheters were implanted without difficulty and allowed for IVRLP 24 h post implantation. Complications resulted in removal of the catheters, with four maintained for 7 days, three in place for 15 days, and three catheters maintained for 60 days. Complications included lameness, limb swelling, catheter kinking, and venous thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: The implantation technique of the TIC in the cephalic vein of horses is feasible and requires minimal technical effort. Although TIC allows venous access without the need for repeated venipuncture, its long-term use presents complications. For horses requiring prolonged daily cephalic IVRLP, the use of a TIC could be indicated. However, the high incidence of venous thrombosis may limit clinical application.

Swine viscera preservation in hypersaturated salt solution after alcohol fixation as a preparation method for educational purposes.

The use of live animals for educational purposes is an old practice that is still employed in teaching and research institutions. However, there are several objections to this practice, whether for ethical or humanitarian reasons. Surgical techniques teaching using anatomical pieces and/or preserved cadavers promotes greater learning efficiency, provides exercise repetition and increases the confidence and satisfaction of the students when compared to the use of live animals. The current work aimed to analyse the feasibility of using fresh swine urinary bladder and small intestines (jejunum), obtained from slaughterhouses, fixed in 99.8% ethyl alcohol (EA) and preserved in sodium chloride hypersaturated solution (SCHS) at 30%, for 7, 14 and 21 days, as an alternative method for surgical skills training (SST). Swine viscera, fixed in EA and preserved in SCHS, presented a realistic appearance, absence of odour and maintained the viable morphological characteristics during the performance of the operative techniques. Preservation solutions had low cost, were easy to acquire and did not offers risks to human health. Therefore, urinary bladders and small intestines fixed in 99.8% EA for 30 days and maintained in 30% SCHS at different periods were demonstrated as a good viable option as a preservation method for surgical skills training.

Integration of heterologous bone matrix associated with polymethylmethacrylate in induced tibial bone defects. An experimental study in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To analyze and compare the reactions at the interface between the composite, composed of fragmented heterologous mineralized bone matrix (MOMHF) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the rabbit's tibias, through macroscopic evaluation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in different periods. METHODS: In this study, 12 New Zealand adult rabbits were used (E1: n = 3, E2: n = 3, E3: n = 3 and E4: n = 3). They had the right tibial defects filled with composite and were evaluated immediately after surgery and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. RESULTS: The composites were incorporated and integrated into the recipient beds in 100% of the cases, defined by the MOMHF osseointegration and the PMMA fibrointegration, with no sign of infection, migration, or rejection. CONCLUSIONS: The behavior of the composites in the recipient beds demonstrates that these biomaterials have the potential to be used in bone defect repairs, offering, thus, better quality of life to the orthopedic patient.

Integration of heterologous bone matrix associated with polymethylmethacrylate in induced tibial bone defects. An experimental study in rabbits

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze and compare the reactions at the interface between the composite, composed of fragmented heterologous mineralized bone matrix (MOMHF) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the rabbit's tibias, through macroscopic evaluation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in different periods. Methods In this study, 12 New Zealand adult rabbits were used (E1: n = 3, E2: n = 3, E3: n = 3 and E4: n = 3). They had the right tibial defects filled with composite and were evaluated immediately after surgery and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results The composites were incorporated and integrated into the recipient beds in 100% of the cases, defined by the MOMHF osseointegration and the PMMA fibrointegration, with no sign of infection, migration, or rejection. Conclusions The behavior of the composites in the recipient beds demonstrates that these biomaterials have the potential to be used in bone defect repairs, offering, thus, better quality of life to the orthopedic patient.

Região metafisária da tíbia de coelhos: uma opção para estudos dos substitutos ósseos / Metaphyseal region of the tibia of rabbits: an option for bone substitutes studies

Apresenta-se um modelo experimental de ostectomia de tíbia em coelhos para estudo de biomateriais em processos de reparação óssea. Foi realizada falha segmentar de 6mm de diâmetro na região metafisária medial proximal de tíbia de 72 coelhos as quais foram preenchidas com substituto ósseo e avaliadas clinicamente, por exame radiográfico e por meio de tomografia computadorizada feixe cônico, em diferentes tempos. Conclui-se que a metáfise medial proximal de tíbia de coelhos é adequada como modelo para estudos que avaliem o comportamento de enxertos e/ou biomateriais em falhas ósseas.

Is presented an experimental model of tibial ostectomy in rabbits to study biomaterials during bone repair process. Segmental failure of 6 mm diameter was performed in the medial proximal tibial metaphyseal region of 72 rabbits, which were filled with bone substitute and evaluated by clinical exam, X-ray, and cone beam computed tomography at different times. It is concluded that the medial proximal tibial metaphysis region of rabbits is suitable as a model for studies that evaluate the behavior of grafts and/or biomaterials on bone defects.

Região metafisária da tíbia de coelhos: uma opção para estudos dos substitutos ósseos / Metaphyseal region of the tibia of rabbits: an option for bone substitutes studies

Apresenta-se um modelo experimental de ostectomia de tíbia em coelhos para estudo de biomateriais em processos de reparação óssea. Foi realizada falha segmentar de 6mm de diâmetro na região metafisária medial proximal de tíbia de 72 coelhos as quais foram preenchidas com substituto ósseo e avaliadas clinicamente, por exame radiográfico e por meio de tomografia computadorizada feixe cônico, em diferentes tempos. Conclui-se que a metáfise medial proximal de tíbia de coelhos é adequada como modelo para estudos que avaliem o comportamento de enxertos e/ou biomateriais em falhas ósseas.

Is presented an experimental model of tibial ostectomy in rabbits to study biomaterials during bone repair process. Segmental failure of 6 mm diameter was performed in the medial proximal tibial metaphyseal region of 72 rabbits, which were filled with bone substitute and evaluated by clinical exam, X-ray, and cone beam computed tomography at different times. It is concluded that the medial proximal tibial metaphysis region of rabbits is suitable as a model for studies that evaluate the behavior of grafts and/or biomaterials on bone defects.

Identification of two molecular subtypes in canine mast cell tumours through gene expression profiling.

Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs and are usually regarded as potentially malignant. Several studies have attempted to identify biomarkers to better predict biological behaviours for this tumour. The aim of this study was to identify pathways connected to clinical and histopathological malignancies, shorter survival times, and poor prognoses associated with MCTs. We performed genome-wide gene expression analyses on tissues obtained from 15 dogs with single MCTs, and identified two distinct tumour subtypes-high-risk and low-risk-associated with differences in histological grades, survival times, Ki67 indices, and occurrence of death due the disease. Comparative analyses of RNA sequence profiles revealed 71 genes that were differentially expressed between high- and low-risk MCTs. In addition to these analyses, we also examined gene co-expression networks to explore the biological functions of the identified genes. The network construction revealed 63 gene modules, of which 4 were significantly associated with the more aggressive tumour group. Two of the gene modules positively correlated with high-risk MCTs were also associated with cell proliferation and extracellular matrix-related terms. At the top of the extracellular matrix module category, genes with functions directly related to those of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were identified. Immunohistochemical analyses also revealed a greater number of CAFs in high-risk MCTs. This study provides a method for the molecular characterisation of canine MCTs into two distinct subtypes. Our data indicate that proliferation pathways are significantly involved in malignant tumour behaviours, which are known to be relevant for the induction and maintenance of MCTs. Finally, animals presenting high-risk MCTs overexpress genes associated with the extracellular matrix that can be robustly linked to CAF functions. We suggest that CAFs in the MCT stroma contribute to cancer progression.

Evaluation of polyamide surgical mesh as an abdominal ventral implant in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To evaluate abdominal ventral wound healing by using a specific biomaterial, a handmade polyamide surgical mesh. METHODS: A surgical incisional defect was made in ten rabbits to simulate a hernia in the ventral abdominal musculature. A polyamide surgical mesh was used in hernioplasty. They were monitored for surgical wound healing, and macroscopically and histologically evaluated at the end of the experiment. The polyamide surgical mesh did not cause foreign body reaction, pain, edema, or infection in the surgical site. The manure production was not affected by intestinal tissue adherences to the mesh, consistent with the ultrasonography result where adherences were not observed and organized scarring tissue formed in the incisional defect. The polyamide mesh was fixed over the abdominal wall, and its external and internal sides were surrounded by a vascularized connective tissue. RESULTS: None of the experimental animals developed adherences from internal organs to the polyamide mesh, except two rabbits where the omentum formed adherence to the internal scarring tissue without present herniation or compromise of the rabbit's health. CONCLUSION: Polyamide surgical mesh for hernioplasty presents, in rabbits, excellent biocompatibility, with minimal body adverse reactions and low cost.

Evaluation of polyamide surgical mesh as an abdominal ventral implant in rabbits

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate abdominal ventral wound healing by using a specific biomaterial, a handmade polyamide surgical mesh. Methods: A surgical incisional defect was made in ten rabbits to simulate a hernia in the ventral abdominal musculature. A polyamide surgical mesh was used in hernioplasty. They were monitored for surgical wound healing, and macroscopically and histologically evaluated at the end of the experiment. The polyamide surgical mesh did not cause foreign body reaction, pain, edema, or infection in the surgical site. The manure production was not affected by intestinal tissue adherences to the mesh, consistent with the ultrasonography result where adherences were not observed and organized scarring tissue formed in the incisional defect. The polyamide mesh was fixed over the abdominal wall, and its external and internal sides were surrounded by a vascularized connective tissue. Results: None of the experimental animals developed adherences from internal organs to the polyamide mesh, except two rabbits where the omentum formed adherence to the internal scarring tissue without present herniation or compromise of the rabbit's health. Conclusion: Polyamide surgical mesh for hernioplasty presents, in rabbits, excellent biocompatibility, with minimal body adverse reactions and low cost.

Evaluation of potential changes in liver and lung tissue of rats in an ischemia-reperfusion injury model (modified pringle maneuver).

In surgical procedures involving the liver, such as transplantation, resection, and trauma, a temporary occlusion of hepatic vessels may be required. This study was designed to analyze the lesions promoted by ischemia and reperfusion injury of the hepatic pedicle, in the liver and lung, using histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. In total, 39 Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group (C n = 3) and ischemia groups subjected to 10, 20, and 30 minutes of hepatic pedicle clamping (I10, n = 12; I20, n = 12; I30, n = 12). Each ischemia group was subdivided into four subgroups of reperfusion (R15, n = 3; R30, n = 3; R60, n = 3; R120, n = 3), after 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of reperfusion, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the liver parenchyma (P < 0.05) between the values of microvesicles and hydropic degeneration at different times of ischemia and reperfusion. However, the values of vascular congestion, necrosis, and pyknotic nuclei showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). In the lung parenchyma, a significant difference was observed (P < 0.05) between the values of alveolar septal wall thickening and inflammatory infiltration at different times of ischemia and reperfusion. However, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the values of vascular congestion, bronchial epithelial degeneration, interstitial edema, and hemorrhage. The positive immunoreactivity of caspase-3 protein in the liver parenchyma (indication of ongoing apoptosis), showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) at different times of ischemia and reperfusion. In the pulmonary parenchyma, the immunoreactivity was not specific, and was not quantified. This study demonstrated that the longer the duration of ischemia and reperfusion, the greater are the morphological lesions found in the hepatic and pulmonary parenchyma.

Tomographic imaging of fragmented cortical bone heteroimplant and methylmethacrylate in segmental bone defect of rabbit tibia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of composites consisting of fragmented cortical bone heteroimplant in association with methylmethacrylate preserved in 98% glycerin, in segmental bone defect of rabbit tibia medial metaphysis. METHODS: In this study were used twelve adult New Zealand rabbits, divided into three groups of four animals each: G30 (30 days), G60 (60 days) and G90 (90 days). The bone defects previously created in the tibia were filled with composites and both were evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography, immediately after surgery and after 30, 60, and 90 days. RESULTS: The composites fulfilled and remained in the sites of bone defects in all cases and were not registered signals of infection, migration or rejection. CONCLUSIONS: The implanted composites promoted the bone defects repair without signals of infection and/or rejection. The composites are one more option for bone defects repair.

Tomographic imaging of fragmented cortical bone heteroimplant and methylmethacrylate in segmental bone defect of rabbit tibia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of composites consisting of fragmented cortical bone heteroimplant in association with methylmethacrylate preserved in 98% glycerin, in segmental bone defect of rabbit tibia medial metaphysis. METHODS: In this study were used twelve adult New Zealand rabbits, divided into three groups of four animals each: G30 (30 days), G60 (60 days) and G90 (90 days). The bone defects previously created in the tibia were filled with composites and both were evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography, immediately after surgery and after 30, 60, and 90 days. RESULTS: The composites fulfilled and remained in the sites of bone defects in all cases and were not registered signals of infection, migration or rejection. CONCLUSIONS: The implanted composites promoted the bone defects repair without signals of infection and/or rejection. The composites are one more option for bone defects repair.

Tomographic imaging of fragmented cortical bone heteroimplant and methylmethacrylate in segmental bone defect of rabbit tibia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of composites consisting of fragmented cortical bone heteroimplant in association with methylmethacrylate preserved in 98% glycerin, in segmental bone defect of rabbit tibia medial metaphysis. METHODS: In this study were used twelve adult New Zealand rabbits, divided into three groups of four animals each: G30 (30 days), G60 (60 days) and G90 (90 days). The bone defects previously created in the tibia were filled with composites and both were evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography, immediately after surgery and after 30, 60, and 90 days. RESULTS: The composites fulfilled and remained in the sites of bone defects in all cases and were not registered signals of infection, migration or rejection. CONCLUSIONS: The implanted composites promoted the bone defects repair without signals of infection and/or rejection. The composites are one more option for bone defects repair. .

Morfologia testicular e qualidade espermática de touros da raça Nelore, submetidos à dieta contendo gossipol / Testes morphology and sperm quality of Nelore bulls fed a gossypol-enriched diet

Com o objetivo estudar o efeito de dieta contendo gossipol sobre a qualidade seminal e morfologia dos testículos de touros da raça Nelore, utilizaram-se 16 animais, distribuídos em dois tratamentos: T1, oito touros submetidos a dieta contendo 20 por cento de caroço de algodão e T2, oito touros submetidos a dieta isenta de gossipol. Realizaram-se coletas de sêmen para avaliar a qualidade seminal. Os testículos dos animais foram retirados ao final dos 73 dias de experimento, fragmentos dos mesmos foram preparados para serem analisados em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e outros fixados em lâminas e corados por hematoxilina-eosina. O consumo médio de caroço de algodão/animal/dia de 1,71kg interferiu na morfologia dos testículos; os túbulos seminíferos apresentaram menor espessura de parede, redução no número de camadas de células espermatogênicas e no volume dos núcleos da célula de Sertoli em relação aos do T2. Por microscopia eletrônica observouse que os touros do T1 apresentavam células de Sertoli com membrana citoplasmática enrugada, acúmulo de lipídeos no citoplasma, mitocôndrias deformadas e algumas espermátides estavam em apoptose. Touros do T1 apresentaram redução na motilidade espermática, aumento no percentual de defeitos espermáticos maiores e totais em relação aos animais do T2. O gossipol alterou a morfologia testicular e reduziu a qualidade espermática dos touros [...]

We studied the effect of a gossypol-enriched diet on the quality of semen and the morphology of testes of Nelore bulls. Sixteen animals were scheduled for 2 treatments: T1, 8 bulls fed a diet containing 20 percent cottonseed and T2, 8 bulls fed a gossypol-free diet. Semen samples were collected in order to evaluate the semen quality. At the end of the 73-day period of treatment, the testes were removed and tissue fragments were prepared for transmission electron microscopy or fixed on slides and stained with haematoxylin-eosin for light microscopy. The mean daily intake of cottonseed by T1 bulls was 1.71 kg/animal, which interfered on testes morphology; the seminiferous tubules had less thick walls, fewer layers of the spermatogenic lineage cells and reduced volumes of Sertoli cell nuclei with regard to T2 bulls. Electron microscopy analyses revealed that the Sertoli cells from T1 animals had a rough cytoplasmic membrane, lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm, deformed mitochondriae; in addition, some apoptotic spermatids were seen. T1 bulls showed reduction of sperm motility and an increase of the percentage of major and total sperm defects in relation to the animals of T2 group. It is concluded that a gossypol-enriched diet promoted alterations in the testicles morphology and it reduced the sperm quality of bulls [...]

Aspecto radiológico de heteroenxerto ósseo cortical fragmentado na reparação de falhas ósseas em coelhos / Radiologic aspects of fragmented cortical bone heterograft in bone defect repair in rabbits

Foi realizada falha segmentar de 6mm na região metafisária da tíbia de 12 coelhos,sendo utilizado enxerto ósseo cotical heterólogo fragmentado conservado em glicerina (98 por cento), para a sua reconstrução. O enxerto foi depositado no leito receptor e a integração deste foi avaliada radiologicamente por 20, 40 e 60 dias. Houve incorporação gradativa, em relação ao tempo, do enxerto no leito receptor, em 100 por cento dos casos. O uso de heteroenxerto ósseo cortical fragmentado e conservado em glicerina a 98 por cento promove a reparação das falhas ósseas, sem sinais de infecção ou rejeição, podendo ser utilizado como substituto ósseo na medicina veterinária...

It was realized a 6mm of segmental defect at the metaphyseal region of the tibia of 12 rabbits and fragmented heterolog cortical bone graft conserved in glycerin (98 percent) was used to the reconstruction. The graft was placed in the receptor bed and its integration was evaluated by radiological exam after 20, 40, and 60 days. There was gradative graft incorporation, by the time, in the receptor bed, in 100 percent of the cases. The use of fragmented cortical bone heterograf conserved in glycerin 98 percent promotes bone defect reparation without signs of infection and can be used like osseous substitute in the veterinary medicine...

Aspectos ultra-estruturais das vilosidades intestinais após o clampeamento do pedículo hepático de ratos / Ultrastructural aspects of the intestinal villi after hepatic pedicle clumping in rats

OBJETIVO: Estudar a ultra-estrutura das vilosidades intestinais de ratos após diferentes tempos de clampeamento total do pedículo hepático. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos, machos, divididos em quatro grupos de 10 animais cada um. O grupo Sham não foi submetido a isquemia. Os grupos E1, E2 e E3 sofreram isquemia de 10, 20 e 30 minutos, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento, fragmentos do intestino delgado (íleo) foram retirados e processados para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. RESULTADOS: Nos grupos E1 e E2 observou-se infiltração de leucócitos, dilatação vascular e áreas eletrolúcidas na lâmina própria das vilosidades. Já no grupo E3 observou-se desprendimento do revestimento epitelial, desintegração das microvilosidades e núcleos em apoptose. Na lâmina própria notamos áreas hemorrágicas, vasos sangüíneos e linfáticos dilatados e inúmeros leucócitos. CONCLUSÕES: o clampeamento do pedículo hepático hepático provoca congestão esplâncnica, tempo dependente, sendo que aos 30 minutos se nota desprendimento das células epiteliais, apoptose e hemorragia.