Examination of increasing suicide rates among rural Hispanic VA patients.

PURPOSE: Death by suicide is increasing more rapidly among Hispanics than non-Hispanics who use United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health services, and the increase is most rapid among those living in rural areas. Our goal was to identify characteristics of rural Hispanic VA patients that contribute to this emerging disparity. METHODS: We linked electronic medical records from the VA, personnel data from the US Department of Defense, mortality data from the US National Death Index, and data on area characteristics from the US Census Bureau to examine suicide trends among Hispanic VA patients from 2005 through 2019. After identifying the strongest predictors of suicide in the rural and urban Hispanic populations, we examined how those characteristics changed over time. FINDINGS: Age and sex-adjusted suicide mortality rates were consistently higher for rural versus urban Hispanic patients beginning in 2012, with the most recent rolling 5-year average rates being 31.0 per 100,000 for rural compared to 20.3 per 100,000 for urban in 2019. Models to predict suicide had fair performance in the rural (accuracy = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.73) and urban (accuracy = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.70) groups. Mental health diagnoses were predictive of suicide among rural Hispanic patients, but there was no evidence that mental health diagnoses were increasing more rapidly in rural compared to urban patients. CONCLUSIONS: While we confirmed that there is a higher rate of death by suicide among rural Hispanic VA patients relative to their urban counterparts, we were unable to identify clear drivers of this finding.

A Paucity of Data on Veterans 65 and Older and Risk of Suicide: A Systematic Review.

Older veterans are vastly underrepresented in studies that shape national suicide prevention strategies. This is of great concern because factors that impact younger veterans may not be as robust in later life. Although younger veterans have higher rate of suicide, the highest counts of death by suicide are in older veterans. However, it remains unclear from the extant literature what factors may influence increased or decreased risk of late-life suicide in veterans. The objective of this systematic review was to identify risk and protective factors related to suicide outcomes (i.e., ideation, attempt, death, or suicide-related behavior [SRB]) among older veterans. Furthermore, it offers data regarding future study directions and hypothesis generation for late-life suicide research and for informing potential intervention and prevention efforts in this area. We searched 4 databases from inception up to May 5, 2022. We screened 2,388 abstracts for inclusion and 508 articles required full text review. The final sample included 19 studies published between 2006 and 2022. We found five domains of factors studied (i.e., neuropsychiatric, social determinants of health, aging stereotypes, residential and supportive housing settings, and multifactorial-neuropsychiatric/mental health and physical health) with more risk factors than protective factors reported. Across the three suicide outcomes only neuropsychiatric factors were consistently identified as risk factors. Neuropsychiatric factors also comprised the largest group of risk factors studied. More innovative targets to consider for intervention and more innovative methods to predict suicide in late-life are needed. There is also continued necessity to design suicide prevention interventions for older veterans given lethality trends.

Rural and Urban Hispanic Patients of the Veterans Health Administration.

Hispanic Veterans are the largest growing racial and ethnic minority group in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) system. Though recent research has found increasing suicide rates in this population and a growing rural-urban disparity, literature on core population characteristics remains sparse. We used extensive patient demographic and clinical data from VA's electronic medical record repository to examine geographic and longitudinal variation in Hispanic VA patients from 2001 to 2018. As the first such detailed characterization of this population, this study was largely descriptive in nature, and included heatmaps of Hispanic patient residence across rural and urban US counties, along with descriptive measures of patient characteristics by rurality, and first year of VA use. We found that Hispanic patients (n = 722,893) represented 5.2% of new VA users between 2001 and 2018, a proportion which grew nearly 90% from 4.0% (2001-2006) to 7.5% (2013-2018). Hispanic patients were largely White, male, under age 50, and had minimal illness or disability. The highest prevalence of Hispanic patients was in the Southwest US/Mexico border region, while the Midwest experienced the largest growth of Hispanic patients. Rural Hispanic patients were more likely to be older, male, and to live in areas characterized by small foreign-born populations and high socioeconomic deprivation. Compared with Hispanic patients entering the VA system in 2001-2006, patients in 2013-2018 were younger, more likely to be female, and to live in urban areas. These findings illustrate the wide range of demographic, clinical, and geographic experiences in the growing VA Hispanic population and demonstrate that culturally competent care for Hispanic Veterans must reflect their intra-ethnic diversity.

The RESCUE problem solving intervention for stroke caregivers: A mixed-methods pilot study.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: Stroke caregivers face many challenges after a family member experiences stroke. Because caregivers play such a crucial role in health care, there is a need for more interventions in web-based formats that focus on caregiver psycho-education and skills building. A pilot study was devised to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and value of an active, 4-week telephone and web-based intervention for stroke caregivers. METHOD/DESIGN: A one-group, pretest-posttest design with a mixed-methods approach was used. Qualitative data supplemented the quantitative findings. Community-dwelling caregivers of stroke patients were recruited from the Veterans Health Administration. Quantitative data were collected pre and postintervention. Semistructured interviews were completed with a subsample of caregivers to capture more detail about the acceptability and value of the intervention. RESULTS: Ninety-three caregivers were recruited; 72 caregivers completed the intervention and 21 withdrew (77% completion rate). From pre- to posttest, caregiver depression (p = .008) and caregiver burden (p = .013) decreased. Problem-solving abilities and health-related quality of life showed no change. Seventy-eight percent of caregivers rated the intervention sessions with the nurses as very helpful or extremely helpful, and 76% reported using the problem-solving strategies a moderate amount to extremely often. Interviews suggest that the intervention was valuable and led to new strategies to relieve stress and prioritize health. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The intervention was feasible to implement and acceptable to caregivers. This intervention shows promise for fulfilling a need for more web-based interventions that focus on skills building and psycho-education, but more rigorous testing is needed to determine effectiveness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate and assess the effect of comprehensive pre-end stage kidney disease education on home dialysis use in veterans, rationale and design.

BACKGROUND: Informed dialysis selection and greater home dialysis use are the two long-desired, underachieved targets of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) care in the US healthcare system. Observational institutional studies have shown that comprehensive pre-kidney failure, conventionally referred to as end stage kidney disease education (CPE) can improve both these outcomes. However, lack of validated protocols, well-controlled studies, and systemic models have limited wide-spread adoption of CPE in the US. We hypothesized that a universal CPE and patient-centered initiation of kidney replacement therapy can improve multiple clinical, patient-centered and health service outcomes in advanced CKD and kidney failure requiring dialysis therapy. METHODS: Trial to Evaluate and Assess the effects of CPE on Home dialysis in Veterans (TEACH-VET) is a multi-method randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of a system-based approach for providing CPE to all Veterans with advanced CKD across a regional healthcare System. The study will randomize 544 Veterans with non-dialysis stage 4 and 5 CKD in a 1:1 allocation stratified by their annual family income and the stage of CKD to an intervention (CPE) arm or control arm. Intervention arm will receive a two-phase CPE in an intent-to-teach manner. Control arm will receive usual clinical care supplemented by resources for the freely-available kidney disease information. Participants will be followed after intervention/control for the duration of the study or until 90-days post-kidney failure, whichever occurs earlier. RESULTS: The primary outcome will assess the proportion of Veterans using home dialysis at 90-days post-kidney failure, and secondary outcomes will include post-intervention/control CKD knowledge, confidence in dialysis decision and home dialysis selection. Qualitative arm of the study will use semi-structured interviews to in-depth assess Veterans' satisfaction with the intervention, preference for delivery, and barriers and facilitators to home dialysis selection and use. Several post-kidney failure clinical, patient-centered and health services outcomes will be assessed 90-days post-kidney failure as additional secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION: The results will provide evidence regarding the need and efficacy of a system-based, patient-centered approach towards universal CPE for all patients with advanced CKD. If successful, this may provide a blueprint for developing such programs across the similar healthcare infrastructures throughout the country. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04064086 .

Barriers and facilitators associated with colonoscopy completion in individuals with multiple chronic conditions: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: A recommendation to undergo a colonoscopy, an invasive procedure that requires commitment and motivation, planning (scheduling and finding a driver) and preparation (diet restriction and laxative consumption), may be uniquely challenging for individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). This qualitative study aimed to describe the barriers and facilitators to colonoscopy experienced by such patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semistructured focus groups were conducted with male Veterans who were scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy and either failed to complete the procedure or completed the examination. Focus group recordings were transcribed and analyzed by an inductive grounded approach using constant comparative analysis. RESULTS: Forty-four individuals aged 51-83 years participated in this study (23 adherent and 21 nonadherent). Participants had an average of 7.4 chronic conditions (range 2-14). The five most common chronic conditions were hypertension (75%), hyperlipidemia (75%), osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease (59%), atherosclerotic heart disease (48%), and diabetes mellitus (36%). We identified four unique themes that influenced motivation to undergo a colonoscopy: competing medical priorities, low perceived benefit, a prior negative colonoscopy experience, and pre-existing medical conditions. Additionally, we identified four themes that influenced individuals' ability to complete the examination: difficulty with bowel cleansing, difficulty with travel, worry about exacerbation of pre-existing conditions, and heightened concerns about potential complications. CONCLUSION: MCCs are common in individuals referred for colonoscopy and generate unique barriers to colonoscopy completion related to medication, dietary changes, transportation, preparation processes, symptoms exacerbation, and complication concerns. Future research should examine whether tailored interventions that include education and support in addressing the unique barriers can enhance colonoscopy completion.