ABSTRACT
Synthetic scaffolds containing collagen (Type I) are of increasing interest for bone tissue engineering, especially for highly porous biomaterials in combination with glycosaminoglycans. In experiments the integration of heparin during the fibrillogenesis resulted in different types of collagen fibrils, but models for this aggregation on a molecular scale were only tentative. We conducted molecular dynamic simulations investigating the binding of heparin to collagen and the influence of the telopeptides during collagen aggregation. This aims at explaining experimental findings on a molecular level. Novel structures for N- and C-telopeptides were developed with the TIGER2 replica exchange algorithm and dihedral principle component analysis. We present an extended statistical analysis of the mainly electrostatic interaction between heparin and collagen and identify several binding sites. Finally, we propose a molecular mechanism for the influence of glycosaminoglycans on the morphology of collagen fibrils. Proteins 2017; 85:1119-1130. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject(s)
Collagen Type I/chemistry , Collagen/chemistry , Glycosaminoglycans/chemistry , Heparin/chemistry , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Peptides/chemistry , Algorithms , Amino Acid Sequence , Binding Sites , Bone and Bones/chemistry , Humans , Molecular Imprinting , Principal Component Analysis , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical , Protein Conformation, beta-Strand , Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs , Static Electricity , Thermodynamics , Tissue Engineering , Tissue ScaffoldsABSTRACT
Previous models for the interface between titanium implants and biosystems take into account the oxide passivation layer and the hydroxylation, but omit the hydrocarbon contamination on air-exposed samples. The authors develop a consistent model for the contamination of the rutile (100) surface by small alcohols, which are known to be present in ambient atmosphere, and use this approach in molecular dynamics calculations. Contact angle evaluation reveals that hydrophobic surfaces can be generated. During molecular dynamics simulations with three peptides (RPRGFGMSRERQ, WFCLLGCDAGCW, and RKLPDA), polar side chains penetrate the hydrocarbons and become immobilized on the titanium dioxide. In the carbon layer, the peptide recognizes a hydrophobic environment, which was not present on the clean surface, and the authors attribute changes in the secondary structure in one case to this interaction. The authors further include the popular Matsui-Akaogi approach [M. Matsui and M. Akaogi, Mol. Simul. 6, 239 (1991)] into the frame of the AMBER force field and quote van der Waals parameters for fitting the original Buckingham part. With the new potential, the authors evaluated lattice parameters, thermal fluctuation, and bulk modulus. Translational diffusion coefficients and dipole autocorrelation functions of water on the surface are discussed in relation to surface properties, and it is shown that the water layers are more rigid than on earlier titanium dioxide models, and that contacts between peptide and surface are less direct.
Subject(s)
Peptides/chemistry , Titanium/chemistry , Adsorption , Alcohols , Models, Theoretical , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Protein Binding , WaterABSTRACT
An effective amount of the antiseptic agent PHMB cannot simply be placed on the surface of titanium alloys where hydrocarbons were removed by different purification procedures. Pre-treatment of Ti6Al4V specimen with 5% H2O2 in 24 h results in extra introduced -OH and -COOH groups as well as an adsorbed water film on the surface, which provide the base for the subsequent formation of a relatively stable and multi-layered PHMB film. The superficially adhering PHMB film produces no adverse effects on MG63 cells within a 48 h-cell culture, but promotes the initial attachment and spreading of the osteoblasts on the modified Ti6Al4V surface within 15 min. After direct bacterial inoculation of the active sample, the PHMB film reacts antimicrobially against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) after surface contact. The bactericidal efficacy is only slightly reduced after using of the same specimen for re-testing the antibacterial activity. MG63 cells adhere and proliferate within 48 h on a PHMB film-containing Ti6Al4V surface, which has been pre-contaminated with S. aureus. Bacterial biofilms were only revealed in controls without PHMB.
