Polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal voltage sensor.

We present a novel electric-field and voltage sensor based on the electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid-crystals (PDLCs). In principle, the transmittance of PDLCs is a nonlinear function of the applied electrical field. To measure an AC field we superposed to it a known DC field. This allowed us to achieve linearization of the PDLC response and to measure transmittance changes independently of the light-intensity level variations. Validation experiments are presented.

Spatial self-filtering with polarizer sheets.

A method for phase visualization and edge enhancement by spatial self-filtering by use of a polarizer sheet in the Fourier plane of an optical processor is described. Light absorbed by the polarizer sheet induces a thermal lens, which, in turn, produces selective action on certain spatial frequencies of the image to be processed. Some experiments that demonstrate the self-filtering action of the proposed system are presented.

Linear focusing by a plane grating with curved grooves.

We study the field diffracted by a plane grating with curved (parabolic) grooves. We will demonstrate that when a monochromatic plane wave is incident on a grating with parabolic grooves the diffracted field has a focal line whose position depends on the curvature radius of the parabolas and the incidence angle of the light onto the grating. The effect described has potential applications in grating-based devices for focusing light without requiring any additional optics.

Phase modulation by polarization recording in bacteriorhodopsin: application to phase-shifting interferometry.

A novel phase-control method with application to phase-shifting interferometry is presented. The linear polarization state of an external (green) light beam is recorded on a bacteriorhodopsin film, and this polarization state is read by a circular polarized (red) laser beam. By reading the bacteriorhodopsin film, the original (red) wave reverses its circularity and becomes phase shifted by an amount that is dependent on the polarization of the external (green) beam. This method of phase control can be applied in a two-beam interferometer in which the test and reference waves are orthogonally polarized, which allows one to obtain phase modulation without moving parts inside the interferometer.

Enhancing the phase profile and contrast of an interferogram by polarization recording in bacteriorhodopsin.

Interferometry is a technique for reconstructing the profiles of phase objects. We present a novel interferometric setup for generating interferograms with doubled phase profile and enhanced contrast compared with the standard interferogram. The proposed system consists of a two-beam interferometer in which the reference and test waves are circularly polarized orthogonally to each other. They are superposed upon a bacteriorhodopsin film, creating a polarization grating that is distorted by the phase of the test object. This polarization pattern is read by a polarized He-Ne beam. We show analytically and experimentally that, when the zero diffraction order is removed, an interferogram with doubled phase profile and enhanced contrast is obtained.

Generation of nondiffracting beams by spiral fields.

In this paper we demonstrate that spiral fields generate nondiffracting dark beams. A collimated laser beam incident on a compact disc, i.e., a commercial CD, was used as mask for the generation of spiral fields. We study theoretically and experimentally the intensity distribution near the axis of the optical system.

One-beam interferometer by beam folding.

A novel one-beam interferometer based on beam folding is described. The device resembles a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which the two arms are located together in one collimated beam. Different halves of the same beam interfere with the help of a mirror--with its reflecting surface along the axis of the optical system--placed near the focal plane of the imaging lens. Phase-delay control is achieved by application of an electrical potential to a Pockels cell, which permits the use of techniques of phase-stepping interferometry.