The implications of unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion for domains of problem behavior.

Agency and communion are broad dimensions of personality that reflect a focus on the self and a focus on others, respectively. In this article, we distinguish unmitigated agency, a focus on the self to the exclusion of others, flom agency, and we distinguish unmitigated communion, a focus on others to the exclusion of self, from communion. We argue that it is unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion that are linked to domains of problem behavior, in particular relationship difficulties and poor health behavior. Unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion are associated with a lack of support from others, a reluctance to ask others for help, and a range of poor health behaviors. The reasons for these links differ. The links to problem behavior for unmitigated communion individuals stem from their tendency to subjugate their own needs to the needs of others and their dependence on others for esteem. The links to problem behavior for unmitigated agency individuals stem from their unwillingness to attend to relationships and their negative view of others.

Gender-linked personality traits predict mental health and functional status following a first coronary event.

Three gender-linked traits were examined with respect to adjustment to a coronary event: agency, a focus on the self; communion, a focus on others; and unmitigated communion, an extreme focus on others to the exclusion of the self. Participants (n = 65) were interviewed 1 week and 4 months after a 1st coronary event. Hypotheses were that agency should predict improved health, communion should be unrelated to health, and unmitigated communion should predict worse health over time. Outcomes included depression, anxiety, and well-being (as measured by the Profile of Mood States; D. McNair, M. Lorr, & L. Droppleman, 1971); mental and physical functioning (SF-36; J. E. Ware, K. K. Snow, M. Kosinski, & B. Gandek, 1993); and cardiac symptoms. Results confirmed hypotheses. In addition, unmitigated communion was linked with poor health behavior and negative social interactions, which partly explained the link of unmitigated communion with depression and cardiac symptoms.

Hexokinase I expression and activity in embryonic mouse heart during early and late organogenesis.

Hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism, that is, the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Four HK isoforms have been identified, of which HK-I is predominant in embryonic and fetal tissues. HK-I has been studied in preimplantation embryos and in fetal stages, but little is known about its activity or expression in the early postimplantation embryo. We evaluated HK-I expression, HK-I activity, and glycolytic metabolism in the embryonic mouse heart during early [gestational day (gd) 9.5] and late (gd 13.5) organogenesis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that HK-I is localized mainly in the heart at both stages, with stronger expression on gd 13.5. Densitometry after SDS-PAGE/western analysis confirmed higher immunodetectable HK-I protein levels in hearts on gd 13.5 vs gd 9.5. By contrast, RT-PCR demonstrated higher HK-I mRNA expression on gd 9.5 vs gd 13.5. Similarly, cardiac HK-I activity (conversion of glucose to G6P) and glycolysis (conversion of glucose to lactate) were higher on gd 9.5 than on gd 13.5. These results suggest a complex regulation of HK-I expression and activity in the embryonic heart during organogenesis, involving a change in the intrinsic activity of the enzyme with development. HK-I appears to play an important role in glucose metabolism during this critical stage of cardiogenesis.

Cognitive adaptation as a predictor of new coronary events after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: We tested whether the psychological components of cognitive adaptation theory would predict new coronary events after a first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). METHODS: A consecutive sample of patients treated successfully with PTCA were enrolled in the study. Of 343 patients approached, 303 (88%) agreed to participate and were interviewed shortly before hospital discharge. We measured the components of cognitive adaptation theory (optimism, self-esteem, and mastery) during the interview. Five patients were excluded from the analysis because of early, in-hospital reocclusion. New cardiac events (coronary artery bypass grafting, PTCA, myocardial infarction, or disease progression) were examined within 6 months of the first PTCA. We obtained 6-month follow-up data on 98% of patients. RESULTS: The cognitive adaptation index predicted new cardiac events, even when demographic variables and medical variables thought to predict restenosis were statistically controlled (p = .02). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that persons who respond to their illness by perceiving control over their futures, by having positive expectations about their futures, and by holding a positive view of themselves seem to be at less risk for a new cardiac event after a first PTCA.

Distinctions of unmitigated communion from communion: self-neglect and overinvolvement with others.

The authors sought to distinguish unmitigated communion, a focus on others to the exclusion of the self, from communion, a positive caring orientation toward others. Across four studies, the authors showed that unmitigated communion and communion are correlated, but that unmitigated communion is distinct from communion in terms of a negative view of the self, turning to others for self-evaluative information, and psychological distress. They also sought to explain the relation of unmitigated communion to distress. It was found that unmitigated communion individuals' reliance on others for self-esteem leads to overinvolvement with others and a neglect of the self, which, in turn, account for the relation of unmitigated communion to distress.

A theory of unmitigated communion.

Research has established that women suffer more often than men from depression. Sex role socialization has been offered as one explanation for this sex difference, but traditional measures of female gender-related traits are not related to depressive symptoms. We argue that thus far research has failed to distinguish the traditional measure of female gender-related traits, communion, from another set of gender-related traits, unmitigated communion. Unmitigated communion is a focus on and involvement with others to the exclusion of the self. Unmitigated communion, but not communion, is related to psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, and accounts for sex differences in distress. We examine the relation of unmitigated communion to communion as well as other personality constructs and then describe the cognitive and behavioral features of unmitigated communion. We note the implications of unmitigated communion for physical and psychological well-being and speculate on possible origins.