[Gelastic seizures as the presenting symptom of infarction of the cingulate gyrus]. / Crisis gelasticas como forma de presentacion de un infarto del giro cingulado.

INTRODUCTION: Gelastic seizures are infrequent epileptic seizures in which the main manifestation is inappropriate laughter. They have a variety of causations. A search of the literature did not reveal any cases of pathological laughter that was clearly related with strokes, although there a numerous reports of non-epileptic pathological laughter as a prodromal symptom in stroke patients (fou rire prodromique). We report the case of a patient with infarcted cingulate gyrus who progressed with gelastic seizures at onset and during the course of the clinical process. CASE REPORT: An 81-year-old female who suddenly presented bouts of difficulties in verbal expression with disconnection from the milieu that were accompanied by fits of unmotivated and uncontrollable laughter that lasted less than five minutes. Following the attacks, her level of consciousness had dropped. In some of the attacks there were also involuntary movements of the upper limbs. Resonance imaging revealed the existence of an acute ischaemic lesion in the left territory of the cingulate gyrus and an electroencephalogram revealed the existence of epileptogenic activity in the left-hand anterior temporal and frontal regions. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical profile, the results of the complementary examinations and the response to the antiepileptic treatment allow us to state that in the episode reported in this patient we are dealing with gelastic seizures related to an acute ischaemic lesion in the left cingulate gyrus.

TITLE: Crisis gelasticas como forma de presentacion de un infarto del giro cingulado.Introduccion. Las crisis gelasticas son crisis epilepticas poco frecuentes en las que la risa inapropiada es la manifestacion principal. Su etiologia es diversa. No hemos encontrado en la bibliografia ningun caso de risa patologica claramente epileptica relacionada con ictus, aunque hay multiples descripciones de risa patologica no epileptica como sintoma prodromico en pacientes con ictus (fou rire prodromique). Presentamos un caso de infarto del giro cingulado que curso con crisis gelasticas al inicio y durante la evolucion del proceso clinico. Caso clinico. Mujer de 81 años, que bruscamente presento episodios de dificultad para la expresion verbal con desconexion del medio, acompañados de accesos de risa inmotivada e incontrolable de duracion inferior a cinco minutos. Tras los episodios, tenia bajo nivel de consciencia. Coincidiendo con alguno de ellos, se observaron tambien movimientos involuntarios de los miembros superiores. La resonancia desvelo la existencia de una lesion isquemica aguda del territorio del giro cingulado izquierdo y el electroencefalograma puso de manifiesto la existencia de actividad epileptogena frontal y temporal anterior izquierda. Conclusiones. El perfil clinico, los resultados de las exploraciones complementarias y la respuesta al tratamiento antiepileptico permiten afirmar que los episodios descritos en esta paciente corresponden a crisis gelasticas relacionadas con una lesion isquemica aguda del giro cingulado izquierdo.

[The neuropsychological profile of mild cognitive impairment with involvement of multiple cognitive areas. The importance of amnesia in distinguishing two subtypes of patients]. / Perfil neuropsicológico del deterioro cognitivo leve con afectación de múltiples áreas cognitivas. Importancia de la amnesia en la distinción de dos subtipos de pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: The use of diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that do not require the presence of amnesia enables patients to be classified into three types of MCI: pure amnestic MCI (aMCI), MCI with involvement of multiple cognitive functions and amnesia (mf-aMCI) and MCI with involvement of multiple cognitive functions without amnesia, or non-amnestic MCI (mf-nonaMCI). AIM: To determine whether patients with MCI with involvement of multiple functions (mfMCI) have a different profile of cognitive involvement depending on whether amnesia is present or not. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Out of a total sample of 175 patients with MCI, we studied 138 with mfMCI. Of these, 109 (79%) had memory disorders (mf-aMCI) and 29 (21%) did not (mf-nonaMCI). For each group of patients, we determined the percentage who scored below normal in each of the items on the abbreviated Barcelona test. RESULTS: Patients with mf-aMCI failed more frequently in temporal orientation, naming and semantic category evocation tests. Patients with mf-nonaMCI failed more often in motor praxis and abstraction tests. Differences were statistically significant. Additionally, it was noted that patients with mf-nonaMCI tended to make more mistakes in attention tests. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of amnesia allows us to identify an mf-aMCI group with a cognitive profile suggesting temporal involvement, unlike the mf-nonaMCI group, whose members have a cognitive profile that suggests subcortical compromise.

Perfil neuropsicológico del deterioro cognitivo leve con afectación de múltiples áreas cognitivas. Importancia de la amnesia en la distinción de dos subtipos de pacientes / The neuropsychological profile of mild cognitive impairment with involvement of multiple cognitive areas. The importance of amnesia in distinguishing two subtypes of patients

Introducción. El uso de criterios diagnósticos de deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) que no exigen la presencia de amnesia, permite clasificar a los pacientes en tres tipos de DCL: DCL amnésico puro (DCLa), DCL con afectación de múltiples funciones cognitivas y amnesia (DCLmf-A) y DCL con afectación de múltiples funciones cognitivas sin amnesia o DCL no amnésico (DCLmf-noA). Objetivo. Determinar si los pacientes con DCL con afectación de múltiples funciones (DCLmf) tienen un perfil de afectación cognitiva distinto en función de la presencia o no de amnesia. Pacientes y métodos. De un total de 175 pacientes con DCL, estudiamos a 138 con DCLmf. De ellos, 109 (79%) tenían afectación de la memoria (DCLmf-A) y 29 (21%) no la presentaban (DCLmf-noA). Para cada grupo determinamos el porcentaje de pacientes que tenían una puntuación inferior a la normal en cada uno de los elementos del test Barcelona abreviado. Resultados. Los pacientes con DCLmf-A fallaban con más frecuencia en los tests de orientación temporal, denominación y evocación categorial semántica. Los pacientes con DCLmf-noA fallaban más en las pruebas de praxis motora y abstracción. Las diferencias eran estadísticamente significativas. Además, se apreciaba una tendencia mayor a cometer errores en las pruebas de atención por parte de los pacientes con DCLmf-noA. Conclusiones. La presencia de amnesia permite identificar a un grupo de DCLmf-A con un perfil cognitivo sugestivo de afectación temporal, diferente del grupo de DCLmf-noA con perfil cognitivo, que sugiere afectación subcortical

Introduction. The use of diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that do not require the presence of amnesia enables patients to be classified into three types of MCI: pure amnestic MCI (aMCI), MCI with involvement of multiple cognitive functions and amnesia (mf-aMCI) and MCI with involvement of multiple cognitive functions without amnesia, or non-amnestic MCI (mf-nonaMCI). Aim. To determine whether patients with MCI with involvement of multiple functions (mfMCI) have a different profile of cognitive involvement depending on whether amnesia is present or not. Patients and methods. Out of a total sample of 175 patients with MCI, we studied 138 with mfMCI. Of these, 109 (79%) had memory disorders (mf-aMCI) and 29 (21%) did not (mf-nonaMCI). For each group of patients, we determined the percentage who scored below normal in each of the items on the abbreviated Barcelona test. Results. Patients with mf-aMCI failed more frequently in temporal orientation, naming and semantic category evocation tests. Patients with mf-nonaMCI failed more often in motor praxis and abstraction tests. Differences were statistically significant. Additionally, it was noted that patients with mf-nonaMCI tended to make more mistakes in attention tests. Conclusions. The presence of amnesia allows us to identify an mf-aMCI group with a cognitive profile suggesting temporal involvement, unlike the mf-nonaMCI group, whose members have a cognitive profile that suggests subcortical compromise

[An update on the diagnosis of vascular dementia]. / Actualización en el diagnóstico de la demencia vascular.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most frequent cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease in western societies. It includes a heterogeneous group of disorders in which vascular factors are believed to play a vital role in the development of cognitive impairment. Aims and development. Our aim was to determine what instruments can be used to diagnose VD and to what extent such a diagnosis is reliable. To this end, we review the diagnostic criteria that have been used up to now, the role played by neuropsychology, the value of neurosonology studies, and the growing development of neuroimaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance. CONCLUSIONS: Current diagnostic criteria for VD select a group that is clinically and aetiologically very heterogeneous. Such criteria need shifting towards new evidence-based criteria derived from analyses of population studies that focus on the early stages of the disease and that make a proper distinction between patients with mixed dementia. The subcortical subtype of vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is a form of vascular impairment that is more homogeneous and which selects more representative patients with a more predictable clinical pattern, natural history, response to treatment and prognosis. These characteristics make SVCI cases an ideal group for comparisons between clinical trials and studies.

Actualización en el diagnóstico de la demencia vascular / An update on the diagnosis of vascular dementia

Introduction. Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most frequent cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease in western societies. It includes a heterogeneous group of disorders in which vascular factors are believed to play a vital role in the development of cognitive impairment. Aims and development. Our aim was to determine what instruments can be used to diagnose VD and to what extent such a diagnosis is reliable. To this end, we review the diagnostic criteria that have been used up to now, the role played by neuropsychology, the value of neurosonology studies, and the growing development of neuroimaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance. Conclusions. Current diagnostic criteria for VD select a group that is clinically and aetiologically very heterogeneous. Such criteria need shifting towards new evidence-based criteria derived from analyses of population studies that focus on the early stages of the disease and that make a proper distinction between patients with mixed dementia. The subcortical subtype of vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is a form of vascular impairment that is more homogeneous and which selects more representative patients with a more predictable clinical pattern, natural history, response to treatment and prognosis. These characteristics make SVCI cases an ideal group for comparisons between clinical trials and studies (AU)

Introducción. La demencia vascular (DV) es la segunda causa de demencia tras la enfermedad de Alzheimer en la sociedad occidental. Incluye un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos en los que se piensa que los factores vasculares desempeñan un papel esencial en el desarrollo del deterioro cognitivo. Objetivo y desarrollo. Nuestro objetivo es analizar con qué instrumentos y con qué fiabilidad somos capaces de diagnosticar la DV. Para ello, revisamos los criterios diagnósticos existentes hasta la actualidad, el papel de la neuropsicología, del estudio neuroecográfico y el creciente desarrollo de las técnicas de neuroimagen, en especial la resonancia magnética. Conclusión. Los criterios diagnósticos actuales para la DV seleccionan a un grupo clínica y etiológicamente muy heterogéneo, y es necesario modificarlos hacia unos nuevos criterios basados en evidencias, derivados del análisis de estudios poblacionales que se centren en la enfermedad en sus estadios iniciales, y que diferencien adecuadamente a los pacientes con demencia mixta. El subtipo de deterioro cognitivo vascular subcortical (DCVS) representa una forma de deterioro vascular más homogéneo y que selecciona a pacientes más representativos, con un cuadro clínico, evolución, respuesta al tratamiento y pronóstico más predecibles. Estas características hacen del DCVS un grupo ideal para la comparabilidad de estudios y ensayos clínicos (AU)

[Prevalence of neurosonographic disturbances in chronic instability]. / Prevalencia de alteraciones neurosonológicas en la inestabilidad crónica.

INTRODUCTION: Dizziness is a common symptom at the outpatient clinic of family doctors. Its origin is usually multifactorial and its outcome is often benign. However, exists a tendency to relate the dizziness with a cerebrovascular disturbance. AIM. To determine if there are cerebrovascular disorders in patients with chronic dizziness using a non invasive technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted. It included 404 patients without limit of age. The patients were evaluated in a Neurology Outpatient Clinic, to select those patients with chronic instability. A neurosonographic exam was performed to all those selected patients. This exam included colour duplex of the cervical arteries and transcranial Doppler. RESULTS: Up to 54 % of the patients who were included in the study had a normal carotid study. For the rest of the patients, the thickness intima-media was the most prevalent finding. At the vertebrobasilar system the study of the vertebral arteries was completely normal in 81.7% followed by the presence of microangiopathy in 12.1%. The basilar system was also normal in a high figure (78%) followed by the microangiopathy (17.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The vascular disturbances in the vertebrobasilar system are an exceptional finding in patients with chronic instability.

Prevalencia de alteraciones neurosonológicas en la inestabilidad crónica / Prevalence of neurosonographic disturbances in chronic instability

Introducción. El mareo es un síntoma muy frecuente en las consultas de atención primaria. Su origen es generalmente multifactorial y tiene un curso benigno. Existe, sin embargo, una tendencia a relacionar el mareo con una alteración vascular cerebral. Objetivo. Determinar si existen alteraciones cerebrovasculares en los pacientes con mareo crónico utilizando una técnica no invasiva. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo que incluía a 404 pacientes sin restricción de edad. Se evaluó a los pacientes en la consulta de neurología, con el objetivo de seleccionar los que tenían inestabilidad crónica. A los pacientes incluidos se les realizó un estudio neurosonológico con ecografía Doppler con color de las arterias cervicales y Doppler transcraneal. Resultados. En el 54 % de los pacientes, el estudio neurosonológico carotídeo fue rigurosamente normal. En el resto de los pacientes, el hallazgo más prevalente fue la ateromatosis carotídea no estenosante. En el sistema vertebrobasilar, el estudio de las arterias vertebrales fue completamente normal en el 81,7%, seguido de la presencia de microangiopatía en un 12,1%. El estudio de la arteria basilar fue también normal en una alta proporción de pacientes (78%), seguido de la presencia de microangiopatía en un 17,1%. Conclusiones. Las alteraciones vasculares vertebrobasilares son un hallazgo excepcional en pacientes con inestabilidad crónica

Introduction. Dizziness is a common symptom at the outpatient clinic of family doctors. Its origin is usually multifactorial and its outcome is often benign. However, exists a tendency to relate the dizziness with a cerebrovascular disturbance. Aim. To determine if there are cerebrovascular disorders in patients with chronic dizziness using a non invasive technique. Patients and methods. A prospective study was conducted. It included 404 patients without limit of age. The patients were evaluated in a Neurology Outpatient Clinic, to select those patients with chronic instability. A neurosonographic exam was performed to all those selected patients. This exam included colour duplex of the cervical arteries and transcranial Doppler. Results. Up to 54 % of the patients who were included in the study had a normal carotid study. For the rest of the patients, the thickness intima-media was the most prevalent finding. At the vertebrobasilar system the study of the vertebral arteries was completely normal in 81.7% followed by the presence of microangiopathy in 12.1%. The basilar system was also normal in a high figure (78%) followed by the microangiopathy (17.1%). Conclusions. The vascular disturbances in the vertebrobasilar system are an exceptional finding in patients with chronic instability

[Neurosonological studies in patients over 80 years old]. / Estudio neuroecográfico en mayores de 80 años.

INTRODUCTION: The link between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid atheromatosis has been shown to be more important in middle aged subjects than in the elderly. AIMS: Our aim was to study the frequency of carotid and intracranial atheromatosis in a population over the age of 80 and to compare the presence of neurosonological anomalies depending on whether the patients have suffered a stroke or not. We also wished to compare the findings according to the sex of the patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients over the age of 80 were studied at our Neurosonology laboratory using carotid and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. The patients were analysed according to whether they had suffered an ischemic stroke or not. With regard to the carotid, a distinction was made between normal, non-significant atheromatosis and significant atheromatosis (stenosis > 50%). Intracranially, both the middle cerebral artery (normal, stenosis, microangiopathy and post-stenosis) and the basilar artery (normal, stenosis, microangiopathy and hyperdynamics) were studied. RESULTS: We recorded data concerning 832 patients: 342 males (44.1%), mean age 83.63 +/- 3.25 years, and 527 (63.3%) with stroke. The carotid study was pathological, with a higher frequency in stroke patients (32.1% compared with 41.9%; p = 0.002). The presence of atheromatosis was significantly linked to a higher risk of suffering a stroke and more intensely to its being more severe. Carotid studies were pathological with a higher frequency among males (28.7% compared with 40%; p < 0.001). No significant differences were found intracranially in any of the parameters analysed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high frequency of carotid atheromatosis in patients over 80 years of age. Regardless of the age, carotid atheromatosis appears even more frequently in patients who have suffered a stroke and in males, and is significantly associated to the risk of suffering a stroke. Intracranially, no differences were found.

Diagnóstico citológicode los tumores del sistemanervioso central / Cytological diagnosis of tumours in the central nervous system

No disponible

[A control and case study of multiple sclerosis in the Alicante and Villajoyosa areas]. / Estudio de casos y controles sobre la esclerosis múltiple en las áreas de Alicante y Villajoyosa.

INTRODUCTION: Three studies have been carried out in the area of Alcoy (Spain) which show an association between contact with dogs and multiple sclerosis. We present a control and case study conducted in a different geographical area, the area of Alicante. AIMS. To examine environmental factors linked with multiple sclerosis in the health care district of Alicante, and to compare findings with those from the health care district of Alcoy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A study of cases and controls was conducted with 47 patients, each of which was paired with four controls according to gender, age and place of residence. All the cases fulfilled criteria of defined multiple sclerosis. The controls were obtained from the Emergency and Casualty Services at different hospitals in the area. Each of the environmental factors studied was stratified by genders. RESULTS: A total of 47 patients and 188 controls were analysed. A statistically significant association was found between the disease and smoking, a low educational level, a social level 2 on the classification developed by Koch Henriksen, having had measles before the age of 15 and contact with dogs. The fact of being the third, or later, child in a family and a family history of cephalea were more frequent among controls than among cases. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple sclerosis in the Alicante area is related with contact with dogs, smoking, a low educational level, a high social level and measles before the age of 15. Since an association between contact with dogs and multiple sclerosis has been shown repeatedly in other previous studies conducted in the town of Alcoy, we are now in a position to state that this factor is indeed linked with the appearance of multiple sclerosis.

[The epidemiology of multiples sclerosis in Alcoi. Analytical data]. / Epidemiología de la esclerosis múltiple en Alcoi. Datos analíticos.

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (ME) in the Alcoi area has been studied by our groups for many years. When studying the factors linked to ME in this area initially we observed that migration, contact with dogs and the textile industry were associated with the disorder. A later study, in which the migration factor was controlled, still showed a significant association with contact with dogs and the textile industry. OBJECTIVE: To make an analytical study avoiding the possible confusing effect of contact with the textile industry, since this may be associated with other factors. We also compared the results of previous studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We made a case control study in which each case was paired with four controls for age, sex and having worked or not worked in the textile industry. The cases fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of ME. The control patients came from the Emergency and Trauma Departments of Alcoi hospital. RESULTS. We analyzed 37 patients and 148 controls. Significant values were obtained for smoking, low social class, chickenpox and measles infections when aged under 15 years, pneumonia when aged over 15 years and contact with dogs, sheep and dissolvents. CONCLUSIONS: Contact with dogs was associated with multiple sclerosis in all the studies carried out in the Alcoi area to date. This is therefore a risk factor for the disorder in the Alcoi population.

Estudio de casos y controles sobre la esclerosis múltiple en las áreas de Alicante y Villajoyosa / A control and case study of multiple sclerosis in the Alicante and Villajoyosa areas

Introducción. Existen tres estudios realizados en el área de Alcoy que demuestran una asociación entre el contacto con perros y la esclerosis múltiple. Presentamos un estudio de casos y controles realizado en una zona geográfica distinta, el área de Alicante. Objetivo. Estudiar los factores ambientales asociados a la esclerosis múltiple en el área sanitaria de Alicante, y comparar los hallazgos en esta área con los del área sanitaria de Alcoy. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles con 47 pacientes, y se apareó cada uno de ellos con cuatro controles según el sexo, la edad y el lugar de residencia. Todos los casos cumplían criterios de esclerosis múltiple definida. Obtuvimos los controles de los Servicios de Urgencias y Traumatología de varios hospitales del área. Cada uno de los factores ambientales estudiados se estratificó por sexos. Resultados. Se analizaron 47 pacientes y 188 controles. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa de la enfermedad con el consumo de tabaco, el nivel de educación bajo, el nivel social 2 de la clasificación de Koch-Henriksen, haber padecido el sarampión antes de los 15 años y el contacto con perros. El hecho de ser el tercero o más de los hermanos y los antecedentes familiares de cefalea fueron más frecuentes entre los controles que entre los casos. Conclusiones. La esclerosis múltiple en el área de Alicante se relaciona con el contacto con perros, el consumo de tabaco, el nivel de educación bajo, el nivel social alto y el sarampión antes de los 15 años. Al haber demostrado previamente una asociación del contacto con perros y la enfermedad, de forma reiterada, en otros estudios realizados sobre la población de Alcoy, afirmamos que dicho factor se relaciona con la aparición de esclerosis múltiple (AU)

Epidemiología de la esclerosis múltiple en Alcoi. Datos analíticos / The epidemiology of multiples sclerosis in alcoi. Analytical data

Introducción. Nuestro grupo ha estudiado desde hace años la epidemiología de la esclerosis múltiple (EM) en el área de Alcoi. Al estudiar los factores vinculados a la EM en esta área, observamos inicialmente que la migración, el contacto con perros y la industria textil se asociaban a la enfermedad. Un estudio posterior, en el que se controló el factor migración, mostraba todavía una asociación significativa con el contacto con perros y la industria textil. Objetivos. Realizar un estudio analítico y evitar el posible efecto de confusión que pueda ejercer el hecho de tener contacto con la industria textil, por asociarse a otros factores. Comparar los resultados con los de los estudios previos. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio caso-control, en el que cada caso se apareó con cuatro controles por edad, sexo y haber trabajado o no en la industria textil. Los casos cumplían criterios de EM definida. Los controles se obtuvieron de los servicios de Urgencias y Traumatología del Hospital de Alcoi. Resultados. Se analizaron 37 pacientes y 148 controles. Se obtuvieron valores significativos para el consumo de tabaco, el grupo social bajo, las infecciones por varicela y sarampión antes de los 15 años, la neumonía después de los 15 años y el contacto con perros, ovejas y disolventes. Conclusiones. El contacto con perros se mantiene asociado a la EM en todos los estudios realizados en el área de Alcoi hasta la fecha. Por tanto, constituye un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad en esta población (AU)