ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Peri-orbital dark circles are a cosmetic concern worldwide, and have been attributed to hyperpigmentation from allergy or atopic dermatitis, blood stasis, structural shadowing effects, and a thin epidermis/dermis under the eye. It is of interest to better understand lifestyle and demographic risk factors and the relative impact of melanin, blood and epidermal/dermal factors on the severity of Peri-orbital dark circles. OBJECTIVE: To compare by non-invasive imaging the impact of biological factors to a visual grading scale for Peri-orbital dark circles, and test the correlation of various demographic factors with Peri-orbital dark circles. METHODS: Subjects completed a lifestyle and health survey, and Peri-orbital dark circles severity was evaluated using standardized photographs. Hyperspectral image analysis was used to assess the contributions of melanin, blood volume, degree of blood oxygen saturation, and dermal scattering. RESULTS: Family history was the most significant risk factor for Peri-orbital dark circles. The average age of onset was 24 years, and earlier onset correlated with higher severity scores. Asthma was significantly associated with Peri-orbital dark circles scores, but self-reported allergy was not. In this study, sleep was not correlated with Peri-orbital dark circles scores. Hyperspectral imaging indicated that melanin was the dominant correlate for Peri-orbital dark circles severity, while oxygen saturation was secondary. The difference between under-eye and cheek measurements for ΔL*and ΔE* were the most significant instrumental parameters correlated with visual assessment of Peri-orbital dark circles severity. CONCLUSION: Although typically associated with lack of sleep, risk of Peri-orbital dark circles is primarily hereditary. The main factors contributing to the appearance of Peri-orbital dark circles are melanin and (deoxygenated) blood.
Subject(s)
Eye Diseases/etiology , Facial Dermatoses/etiology , Hyperpigmentation/etiology , Life Style , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Age Factors , Aged , Brazil , Eye Diseases/physiopathology , Facial Dermatoses/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Hyperpigmentation/physiopathology , Melanins/analysis , Middle Aged , Orbit , Oxygen/blood , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Skin/physiopathology , Spectrophotometry , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young AdultABSTRACT
AbstractBACKGROUND:Peri-orbital dark circles are a cosmetic concern worldwide, and have been attributed to hyperpigmentation from allergy or atopic dermatitis, blood stasis, structural shadowing effects, and a thin epidermis/dermis under the eye. It is of interest to better understand lifestyle and demographic risk factors and the relative impact of melanin, blood and epidermal/dermal factors on the severity of Peri-orbital dark circles.OBJECTIVE:To compare by non-invasive imaging the impact of biological factors to a visual grading scale for Peri-orbital dark circles, and test the correlation of various demographic factors with Peri-orbital dark circles.METHODS:Subjects completed a lifestyle and health survey, and Peri-orbital dark circles severity was evaluated using standardized photographs. Hyperspectral image analysis was used to assess the contributions of melanin, blood volume, degree of blood oxygen saturation, and dermal scattering.RESULTS:Family history was the most significant risk factor for Peri-orbital dark circles. The average age of onset was 24 years, and earlier onset correlated with higher severity scores. Asthma was significantly associated with Peri-orbital dark circles scores, but self-reported allergy was not. In this study, sleep was not correlated with Peri-orbital dark circles scores. Hyperspectral imaging indicated that melanin was the dominant correlate for Peri-orbital dark circles severity, while oxygen saturation was secondary. The difference between under-eye and cheek measurements for ΔL*and ΔE* were the most significant instrumental parameters correlated with visual assessment of Peri-orbital dark circles severity.CONCLUSION:Although typically associated with lack of sleep, risk of Peri-orbital dark circles is primarily hereditary. The main factors contributing to the appearance of Peri-orbital dark circles are melanin and (deoxygenated) blood.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Eye Diseases/etiology , Facial Dermatoses/etiology , Hyperpigmentation/etiology , Life Style , Age Distribution , Age Factors , Brazil , Eye Diseases/physiopathology , Facial Dermatoses/physiopathology , Hyperpigmentation/physiopathology , Melanins/analysis , Orbit , Oxygen/blood , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Spectrophotometry , Statistics, Nonparametric , Skin/physiopathologyABSTRACT
We have developed a technology to incorporate micronized titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), together with antioxidants, in particles of a UV-visible transparent polymer gel. These particles are coated with silica to avoid clustering and the size of the micronized TiO(2) reduces the back scattering of white light. gel-trapped TiO(2) minimizes the oxidative stress exerted by UV radiation, increases the photo-stability of some accompanying ingredients, such as avobenzone. The size of the particles is in the micrometre range. This favors their permanence on the top of the stratum corneum. Gel-trapped TiO(2)-based sunscreens provide a larger SPF and two-fold larger UVA protection than equal-composition sunscreens that contain larger amounts of untrapped TiO(2).
