Serial dependence requires visual awareness: Evidence from continuous flash suppression.

The visual system often undergoes a relatively stable perception even in a noisy visual environment. This crucial function was reflected in a visual perception phenomenon-serial dependence, in which recent stimulus history systematically biases current visual decisions. Although serial dependence effects have been revealed in numerous studies, few studies examined whether serial dependence would require visual awareness. By using the continuous flash suppression (CFS) technique to render grating stimuli invisible, we investigated whether serial dependence effects could emerge at the unconscious levels. In an orientation adjustment task, subjects viewed a randomly oriented grating and reported their orientation perception via an adjustment response. Subjects performed a series of three type trial pairs. The first two trial pairs, in which subjects were instructed to make a response or no response toward the first trial of the pairs, respectively, were used to measure serial dependence at the conscious levels; the third trial pair, in which the grating stimulus in the first trial of the pair was masked by a CFS stimulus, was used to measure the serial dependence at the unconscious levels. One-back serial dependence effects for the second trial of the pairs were evaluated. We found significant serial dependence effects at the conscious levels, whether absence (Experiment 1) or presence (Experiment 2) of CFS stimuli, but failed to find the effects at the unconscious levels, corroborating the view that serial dependence requires visual awareness.

The research progress on the impact of antibiotics on the male reproductive system.

Antibiotics are extensively utilized in the livestock and poultry industry and can accumulate in animals and the environment, leading to potential health risks for humans via food and water consumption. Research on antibiotic toxicity, particularly their impact as endocrine disruptors on the male reproductive system, is still in its nascent stages. This review highlights the toxic effect of antibiotics on the male reproductive system, detailing the common routes of exposure and the detrimental impact and mechanisms of various antibiotic classes. Additionally, it discusses the protective role of food-derived active substances against the reproductive toxicity induced by antibiotics. This review aims to raise awareness about the reproductive toxicity of antibiotics in males and to outline the challenges that must be addressed in future research.

Construction and in vitro evaluation of pH-sensitive nanoparticles to reverse drug resistance of breast cancer stem cells.

Breast cancer is a major threat to safety and health of women. The breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have multi-drug resistance to chemotherapy drugs, which leads to chemotherapy failure. We proposed a strategy of delivery of tumor-killing drugs and a resistance reversal agent, to enhance inhibition of BCSCs. Here, schisandrin B (SchB)/AP NPs are constructed using acid-grafted-poly (ß-amino ester) (ATRA-g-PBAE, AP) grafted polymer nanoparticle encapsulated SchB, with pH-sensitive release function. This drug delivery system has good pharmacological properties and can increase the SchB release with the decrease of pH. The NPs showed cytotoxic effects in reversing ATRA resistance to BCSCs. Lysosomal escape was achieved when the nanoparticles were taken up by BCSCs. In addition, we found that NPs may reverse MDR by inhibiting the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and affecting the energy supply of drug efflux. This study provides a nanodelivery therapy strategy that reverses BCSCs multidrug resistance (MDR) and demonstrates that it did so by interfering with cancer cell energy metabolism. Therefore, the co-delivery strategy of ATRA and SchB provides a new option for the treatment of breast cancer.

Glucose oxidase and metal catalysts combined tumor synergistic therapy: mechanism, advance and nanodelivery system.

Cancer has always posed a significant threat to human health, prompting extensive research into new treatment strategies due to the limitations of traditional therapies. Starvation therapy (ST) has garnered considerable attention by targeting the primary energy source, glucose, utilized by cancer cells for proliferation. Glucose oxidase (GOx), a catalyst facilitating glucose consumption, has emerged as a critical therapeutic agent for ST. However, mono ST alone struggles to completely suppress tumor growth, necessitating the development of synergistic therapy approaches. Metal catalysts possess enzyme-like functions and can serve as carriers, capable of combining with GOx to achieve diverse tumor treatments. However, ensuring enzyme activity preservation in normal tissue and activation specifically within tumors presents a crucial challenge. Nanodelivery systems offer the potential to enhance therapy effectiveness by improving the stability of therapeutic agents and enabling controlled release. This review primarily focuses on recent advances in the mechanism of GOx combined with metal catalysts for synergistic tumor therapy. Furthermore, it discusses various nanoparticles (NPs) constructs designed for synergistic therapy in different carrier categories. Finally, this review provides a summary of GOx-metal catalyst-based NPs (G-M) and offers insights into the challenges associated with G-M therapy, delivery design, and oxygen (O2) supply.

Drinking and feasting are perceived as facilitating cooperation.

We argue that the occurrence of puritanical norms cannot simply be explained by appealing to the need for cooperation. Anthropological and archaeological studies suggest that across history and cultures' self-indulgent behaviours, such as excessive drinking, eating, and feasting, have been used to enhance cooperation by enforcing social and group identities.

Impact of carotid hemodynamics on carotid plaque location: Age difference.

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to investigate the influence of carotid hemodynamics in common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) on carotid plaque location. METHODS: A total of 4444 participants from Anhui Maanshan People's Hospital were selected from December 2013 to December 2018. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure the location of carotid plaque. Patients were divided into four groups according to plaque location: LEFT, RIGHT, BOTH, and NONE. Multiple logistic regression and smooth curve were applied to determine the relationship of carotid plaque location and hemodynamic indexes. RESULTS: Compared with the NONE group, the ratio of artery systolic and diastolic blood flow velocity in right internal carotid (RICA S/D) was a risk factor for LEFT group (OR=1.548) after adjustment; artery systolic and diastolic blood flow velocity ratio of left common carotid artery (LCCA S/D) was a risk factor for RIGHT group (OR=1.250); resistance index of right internal carotid (RICA RI) was a protective factor for BOTH group (OR=0.097), while LCCA S/D and RICA S/D were risk factors for BOTH group (OR=1.201, OR=1.457). Compared with the RIGHT group, artery systolic and diastolic blood flow velocity ratio of right common carotid (RCCA S/D) was the risk factor for the LEFT group (OR=1.463), LCCA S/D and RICA S/D were the risk factors for BOTH group (OR=1.706, OR=2.111). After age stratification, resistance index of right common carotid artery (RCCA RI) and resistance index of left internal carotid artery (LICA RI) were protective factors for BOTH group (OR=0.046, OR=0.042) in group younger than 52. RCCA S/D and RICA S/D were risk factors for BOTH group (OR=1.557, OR=1.843). Resistance index of left common carotid artery (LCCA RI) was a protective factor in the LEFT group compared with the RIGHT group (OR=0.476). In group older than 52, RICA S/D was a risk factor for LEFT group (OR=1.388). LCCA S/D was a risk factor for RIGHT group (OR=1.575). LCCA S/D and RICA S/D were risk factors for BOTH group (OR=1.348, OR=1.311). RICA S/D and RCCA S/D were protective factors in the LEFT group compared with the RIGHT group (OR=0.567, OR=0.680).

Multiple Sclerosis Is Associated With Achalasia and Diffuse Esophageal Spasm.

Background/Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by the demyelination of primarily the central nervous system. Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) and achalasia are both disorders of esophageal peristalsis which cause clinical symptoms of dysphagia. Mechanisms involving dysfunction of the pre- and post-ganglionic nerve fibers of the myenteric plexus have been proposed. We sought to determine whether MS confers an increased risk of developing achalasia or DES. Methods: Cohort analysis was done using the Explorys database. Univariate logistic regression was performed to determine the odds MS confers to each motility disorder studied. Comparison of proportions of dysautonomia comorbidities was performed among the cohorts. Patients with a prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, chronic Chagas' disease, opioid use, or CREST syndrome were excluded from the study. Results: Odds of MS patients developing achalasia or DES were (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.73-2.52; P < 0.001) and (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.89-3.42; P < 0.001), respectively. In the MS/achalasia cohort, 27.27%, 18.18%, 9.09%, and 45.45% patients had urinary incontinence, gastroparesis, impotence, and insomnia, respectively. In the MS/DES cohort, 35.19%, 11.11%, 3.70%, and 55.56% had these symptoms. In MS patients without motility disorders, 12.64%, 0.79%, 2.21%, and 21.85% had these symptoms. Conclusions: Patients with MS have higher odds of developing achalasia or DES compared to patients without MS. MS patients with achalasia or DES have higher rates of dysautonomia comorbidities. This suggests that these patients have a more severe disease phenotype in regards to the extent of neuronal degradation and demyelination causing the autonomic dysfunction.

Methylseleninic acid overcomes gefitinib resistance through asparagine-MET-TOPK signaling axis in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Acquired resistance compromises the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-based therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and activation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) is one of the pivotal strategies for cancer cells to acquire refractory phenotype. However, the mechanisms involved in regulating MET activity remain to be further elucidated. Using gefitinib-resistant HCC827GR cell line as a model, we unraveled that the dysregulated amino acid metabolisms reflected by elevated expression of cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (ASCT2), cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and asparagine synthetase (ASNS) might contribute to survival advantage of HCC827GR cells, and rendered the cells more sensitive to asparagine (ASN) deprivation compared to parental HCC827 cells. We further identified that the increased ASNS expression is a contributing factor for the activation of MET in HCC827GR cells. More importantly, we found that methylseleninic acid (MSeA), a precursor of methylselenol, effectively suppressed tumor growth in HCC827GR xenograft model, which is associated with decrease of intracellular ASN content along with inactivation of MET- T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) signaling axis. Finally, we demonstrated that combination of MSeA and gefitinib induced a synergistic growth inhibition in HCC827GR cells. The findings of our work reveal that ASN-MET-TOPK signaling axis as a novel mechanism contributed to gefitinib-resistance and combined utilization of gefitinib and MSeA holds potential to improve the efficacy for gefitinib-resistant NSCLC.

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for gastrointestinal motility disorders.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility is categorized by muscle or nerve dysfunctions in any portion of the GI tract, which leads to abnormalities in GI motor and sensory function. Symptoms may vary depending on the organ affected and can be debilitating. Treatment usually involves diet and lifestyle changes. Pharmacotherapy is limited in effectiveness with various side effects. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES), a noninvasive, needleless technique that provides electrical stimulation using cutaneous non-needle electrodes, has become increasingly popular. It has been shown to be beneficial in treating GI motility disorders. METHODS: This review paper navigates through the different TES techniques, including transcutaneous peripheral nerve (vagal/sacral/tibial nerves) electrical stimulation, transcutaneous electrical acustimulation (stimulation via acupuncture point), transcutaneous interferential current therapy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. KEY RESULTS: As we delve deeper, we explore the promising effects of TES on dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, postoperative ileus, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome. The literature at hand speaks volumes about the therapeutic prowess of this noninvasive technique. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: The time is ripe to evaluate further the full therapeutic potential of TES, a noninvasive, nonpharmaceutical, nonsurgical, and home-based self-administrative technique in managing GI motility disorders.

Association between obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We aim to conduct a systematic review and determine the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: Literature search for eligible studies was performed across major databases. The main endpoint was to assess the association between GERD and OSA. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine this strength of the association stratified by the diagnostic tools used for OSA (nocturnal polysomnogram or Berlin questionnaire) and GERD (validated reflux questionnaire or esophagogastroduodenoscopy). We also compared sleep efficiency, apnea hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale in OSA patients with or without GERD. Results were pooled together using Reviewer Manager 5.4. RESULTS: Six studies involving 2950 patients with either GERD or OSA were included in the pooled analysis. Our findings suggest that there was a statistically significant unidirectional association between GERD and OSA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.53, P = 0.0001). Subgroup analyses redemonstrated an OSA-GERD association irrespective of the tools used for diagnosing either GERD or OSA (P = 0.24 and P = 0.82, respectively). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the same association after controlling for gender (OR = 1.63), BMI (OR = 1.81), smoking (OR = 1.45), and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.79). In patients with OSA, there were no statistically significant differences between patients with or without GERD in terms of apnea hypopnea index (P = 0.30), sleep efficiency (P = 0.67), oxygen desaturation index (P = 0.39), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION: There exists an association between OSA and GERD that is independent of the modalities used for screening or diagnosing both disorders. However, the presence of GERD did not affect the severity of OSA.

Diagnostic Implications of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Undergoing Surgical Interventions in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can present with overlapping symptoms, making diagnosis and management challenging. Patients with IBD in remission may continue to experience IBS symptoms. Patients with IBS were found to have a disproportionately higher prevalence of abdominal and pelvic surgeries than the general population. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether IBS is a risk factor for undergoing surgical interventions in patients with IBD and explore the diagnostic implications of these findings. METHODS: A population-based cohort analysis was performed using TriNetX. Patients with Crohn's disease + IBS (CD + IBS) and ulcerative colitis + IBS (UC + IBS) were identified. The control groups consisted of patients with CD or UC alone without IBS. The main outcome was to compare the risks of undergoing surgical interventions between the cohorts. The secondary outcomes were to compare the risks of developing gastrointestinal symptoms and IBD-related complications between the cohorts. RESULTS: Patients with IBD who subsequently developed IBS were more likely to experience gastrointestinal symptoms than those without IBS (p < 0.0001). Patients with concomitant IBD and IBS were more likely to develop IBD-related complications, including perforation of the intestine, gastrointestinal bleeding, colon cancer, and abdominal abscess (p < 0.05). Patients with concomitant IBD and IBS were more likely to undergo surgical interventions than patients without IBS, including colectomy, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, exploratory laparotomy, and hysterectomy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IBS appears to be an independent risk factor for patients with IBD to develop IBD-related complications and undergo surgical interventions. Patients with concomitant IBD and IBS could represent a unique subgroup of IBD patients with more severe symptoms, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis and management in this population.

Combining Low-Dose Rituximab and Bortezomib as Immunosuppressive Therapy for Acquired Hemophilia A: 6 Case Series.

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare bleeding disorder caused by autoantibodies against factor VIII. Persistently positive inhibitor titers increase the risk of bleeding. Upfront combined regimen with multiple mechanisms has the potential to shorten remission time to lower bleeding risk and reduce immunosuppressor exposure time. We administered lowered dose of rituximab and bortezomib in combination with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide (rituximab: 100 mg weekly × 4 or 500 mg once in week 1, bortezomib: 0.65 mg/m2 once in week 1, prednisone: 1 mg/kg daily, cyclophosphamide: 11.5-2 mg/kg daily). We retrospectively analyzed 6 cases (male = 3, female = 3, median age = 51 years) treated on this therapeutic regimen. All patients achieved complete remission (range from19 to 66 days); adverse event: infection (1/6). This is the first time that this regimen has been reported for treating AHA. It has shown good therapeutic efficacy and the potential to shorten the time to CR. The incidence of adverse events is within a reasonable range. This regimen is feasible and offers a new alternative treatment for AHA.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Developing Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Symptoms of IBS can fluctuate even when IBD is in clinical remission. Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of developing opioid addiction. The aim of the study was to determine whether IBS is an independent risk factor for developing opioid addiction and related gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBD. METHODS: We identified patients with Crohn's disease (CD)+IBS and ulcerative colitis (UC) + IBS using TriNetX. The control groups consisted of patients with CD or UC alone without IBS. The main outcome was to compare the risks of receiving oral opioids and developing opioid addiction. A subgroup analysis was performed by selecting patients who were prescribed oral opioids and to compare with those not prescribed opioids. Gastrointestinal symptoms and mortality rates were compared in the cohorts. RESULTS: Patients with concomitant IBD and IBS were more likely to be prescribed oral opioids (24.6% vs. 17.2% for CD; 20.2% vs. 12.3% for UC, p < 0.0001) and develop opioid dependence or abuse (p < 0.05). The subset of patients who were prescribed opioids are more likely to develop gastroesophageal reflux disease, ileus, constipation, nausea, and vomiting (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IBS is an independent risk factor for IBD patients to receive opioids and develop opioid addiction.

Comprehensive bioinformatics and experimental analysis of SH3PXD2B reveals its carcinogenic effect in gastric carcinoma.

AIMS: We aim to explore the possibility and mechanism of SH3PXD2B as a reliable biomarker for gastric cancer (GC). MAIN METHODS: We used public databases to analyze the molecular characteristics and disease associations of SH3PXD2B, and KM database for prognostic analysis. The TCGA gastric cancer dataset was used for single gene correlation, differential expression, functional enrichment and immunoinfiltration analysis. SH3PXD2B protein interaction network was constructed by the STRING database. And the GSCALite database was used to explore sensitive drugs and perform SH3PXD2B molecular docking. The impact of SH3PXD2B silencing and over-expression by lentivirus transduction on the proliferation and invasion of human GC HGC-27 and NUGC-3 cells was determined. KEY FINDINGS: The high expression of SH3PXD2B in gastric cancer was related to the poor prognosis of patients. It may affect the progression of gastric cancer by forming a regulatory network with FBN1, ADAM15 and other molecules, and the mechanism may involve regulating the infiltration of Treg, TAM and other immunosuppressive cells. The cytofunctional experiments verified that it significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. In addition, we found that some drugs were sensitive to the expression of SH3PXD2B such as sotrastaurin, BHG712 and sirolimus, and they had strong molecular combination of SH3PXD2B, which may provide guidance for the treatment of gastric cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study strongly suggests that SH3PXD2B is a carcinogenic molecule that can be used as a biomarker for GC detection, prognosis, treatment design, and follow-up.

Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill Allieviates Heart Failure via Extracellula Matrix-Receptor Interaction Pathways Based on RNA-Seq Transcriptomics and Experimental Studies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective mechanisms of Chinese medicine Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills (STDP) on heart failure (HF). METHODS: Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced HF rat model and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast (CFs) model were used in the present study. HF rats were treated with and without STDP (3 g/kg). RNA-seq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's stainings were taken to assess cardiac fibrosis. The levels of collagen I (Col I) and collagen III (Col III) were detected by immunohistochemical staining. CCK8 kit and transwell assay were implemented to test the CFs' proliferative and migratory activity, respectively. The protein expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, Col I, and Col III were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: The results of RNA-seq analysis showed that STDP exerted its pharmacological effects on HF via multiple signaling pathways, such as the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, cell cycle, and B cell receptor interaction. Results from in vivo experiments demonstrated that STDP treatment reversed declines in cardiac function, inhibiting myocardial fibrosis, and reversing increases in Col I and Col III expression levels in the hearts of HF rats. Moreover, STDP (6, 9 mg/mL) inhibited the proliferation and migration of CFs exposed to Ang II in vitro (P<0.05). The activation of collagen synthesis and myofibroblast generation were markedly suppressed by STDP, also the synthesis of MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as ECM components Col I, Col III, and α-SMA were decreased in Ang II-induced neonatal rats' CFs. CONCLUSIONS: STDP had anti-fibrotic effects in HF, which might be caused by the modulation of ECM-receptor interaction pathways. Through the management of cardiac fibrosis, STDP may be a compelling candidate for improving prognosis of HF.

The mutation rate of rpoB gene showed an upward trend with the increase of MIRU10, MIRU39 and QUB4156 repetitive number.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) is a frequently used typing method for identifying the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is easily transformed into rifampicin (RIF) resistance. The RIF resistance of Mtb is considered to be highly related with the mutation of rpoB gene. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the repetitive number of MIRU loci and the mutation of rpoB gene. METHODS: An open-source whole-genome sequencing data of Mtb was used to detect the mutation of rpoB gene and the repetitive number of MIRU loci by bioinformatics methods. Cochran-Armitage analysis was performed to analyze the trend of the rpoB gene mutation rate and the repetitive number of MIRU loci. RESULTS: Among 357 rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB), 304 strains with mutated rpoB genes were detected, and 6 of 67 rifampicin susceptible strains were detected mutations. The rpoB gene mutational rate showed an upward trend with the increase of MIRU10, MIRU39, QUB4156 and MIRU16 repetitive number, but only the repetitive number of MIRU10, MRIU39 and QUB4156 were risk factors for rpoB gene mutation. The Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGDI) of MIRU10 (0.65) and QUB4156 (0.62) was high in the overall sample, while MIRU39 (0.39) and MIRU16 (0.43) showed a moderate discriminatory Power. CONCLUSION: The mutation rate of rpoB gene increases with the addition of repetitive numbers of MIRU10, QUB4156 and MIRU39 loci.

Age and sex trend differences in hemoglobin levels in China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Both age and gender are the influence factors of hemoglobin concentration. However, the changing trend of hemoglobin levels between males and females with age remains unclear. This study aimed to explore their changing characteristics in different genders. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Physical Examination Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College in Wuhu, China from 2014 to 2016. The generalized linear model was applied to explore the relationship between age, gender and hemoglobin levels. RESULTS: Among the 303,084 participants, the mean age for females and males was 46.9 ± 13.4(15-98) and 48.1 ± 13.7(14-98) years old, respectively. Generalized smoothing splines showed that hemoglobin levels increased up to age 25 and then decreased in men; in women the levels increased up until age 20, and then decreased, with slight increase again (ß = 0.244, P < 0.01). After dividing all participants into hyperglycemia and normal groups, only the normal female group showed a significant upward trend (ß = 0.257, P < 0.01) between ages 50-59. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin concentration changes with age and the curve is different in males and females. The slightly upward trend of female hemoglobin in the age range of 50-59 years old should be considered in developing the reference range of hemoglobin making.

Autophagy-Based Intervention Strategy in the Management of Hepatotoxicity.

Significance: Ample evidence has demonstrated an important role for autophagy as either a protective mechanism or a cause for hepatotoxicity, denoting the likely potentials for targeting autophagy in the prevention or treatment of hepatotoxicity. Recent Advances: The functional role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity has been gradually recognized. Mechanistically, the autophagy-mediated protective or promoting effect on hepatotoxicity is attributed to its functions in regulation of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lipid metabolism, iron homeostasis, inflammatory response, and programmed cell death. Targeting autophagy as a novel strategy for fighting against hepatotoxicity has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in a number of models. Critical Issues: Clarifying the precise functional role of autophagy in different types of hepatotoxicity is essential for developing a type-specific autophagy-based intervention. Identification of molecular targets and novel agents for effectively and accurately manipulating autophagy is needed for better utilization of an autophagy-based approach to exert beneficial effects on hepatotoxicity. Future Directions: Well-designed clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy of an autophagy-targeting intervention strategy for hepatotoxicity. Further studies should be also focused on developing novel autophagy-targeting agents that can accurately regulate autophagy based on the characteristics of each type of hepatotoxicity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 1082-1100.

Corrigendum: Wenshen-Jianpi prescription, a Chinese herbal medicine, improves visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of IBS-D by regulating the MEK/ERK signal pathway.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.955421.].

The role of the endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia in assessing gastric cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and aim: Patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) are at increased risk of gastric cancer (GC). The endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia (EGGIM) with high-definition endoscopes has shown the potential to facilitate GC risk stratification. However, a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of published articles are lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis to access the value of EGGIM in the assessment of histological IM. Materials: Studies were selected from PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane (last selection, Jun 2022). We extracted relevant data to calculate the accuracy of EGGIM compared with the operative link of gastric intestinal metaplasia (OLGIM) and to calculate pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) assessing GC risk with different grading. Results: Four diagnostic studies and three case-control clinical trials were included in the analysis, which included 665 patients and 738 patients, respectively. Compared with OLGIM III/IV, EGGIM(5-10) had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.92(95%CI 0.86-0.96) and 0.90(95%CI 0.88-0.93), and the area under the curve(AUC) was 0.9702. In assessing early GC, the pooled OR of patients with EGGIM(5-10) was 7.46(95%CI 3.41-16.31) compared with that of EGGIM(0-4). Conclusions: EGGIM is highly consistent with OLGIM, and patients with EGGIM(5-10) are at a higher risk for early GC. Some heterogeneity in the current research suggests that we need to carry out more strict control of confounding factors. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=248691], (Prospero registration number: 248691).