Determinación de la morfología del canal incisivo mandibular mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) en población de Valdivia, Chile / Determination of mandibular incisor canal morphology by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a population of Valdivia, Chile

RESUMEN: El canal incisivo mandibular (MIC) es un canal neural que contiene una de las ramas inferiores del nervio alveolar inferior, llamado nervio incisivo mandibular, que puede resultar dañado durante intervenciones quirúrgicas y causar complicaciones postoperatorias. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se identificó el MIC en la imagen transversal del canino en 83 hemiarcadas. Se registró edad, sexo, hemiarcada, longitudes desde reborde alveolar vestibular de canino a MIC, cortical lingual y vestibular de canino a MIC, base mandibular de canino a MIC y ubicación del MIC (tercio lingual, medio, vestibular). Medidas se registraron en milímetros. Se aplicó test T-student para muestras independientes para variables de longitud y Chi-cuadrado para ubicación espacial del MIC, en relación con grupo etario y sexo. Se evaluó el MIC en todas las muestras (100 %). El MIC fue encontrado mayormente en el tercio medio mandibular (p <0,05). La media desde el MIC a la cortical lingual es de 5,25 mm ? 1,42 mm (derecho) y 5,24 mm ? 1,18 mm (izquierdo). La media desde el MIC a la cortical vestibular fue de 4,42 mm ? 1,29 mm (derecho) y 4,53 mm ? 1,24mm (izquierdo). La media entre centro del canal y reborde alveolar vestibular fue 18,89 mm ? 2,68mm (derecho) y 18,20 mm ? 3,06 mm (izquierdo), media desde centro del MIC al margen basal fue de 9,77 mm ? 1,93 (derecho) y 10,12 mm ? 1,92 mm (izquierdo). Se encontró mayor distribución del MIC en el tercio medio mandibular. Se identificó el MIC en el 100 % de las muestras a través de CBCT por lo que su uso como examen complementario debe ser considerado al planificar cirugías en el sector anterior mandibular.

SUMMARY: The objective of the study was to determine the morphology of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and its location using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the population of Valdivia, Chile. Descriptive cross-sectional study. MIC was identified in the canine cross image in 83 quadrants. Age, gender, quadrants, length from buccal alveolar ridge of canine to MIC, lingual and buccal cortical of canine to MIC, mandibular base of canine to MIC, and location of MIC (lingual, middle and buccal third) were recorded. Measurements were recorded in millimeters. Independent sample Student-T test was performed to determine length variables and Chi-square test was performed to determine spatial location of MIC, in relation to age group and gender. MIC was evaluated in all samples (100 %). MIC was found mainly in the mandibular third quadrant (p < 0.05). The mean from the MIC to the lingual cortex is 5.25 mm ? 1.42 mm (right) and 5.24 mm ? 1.18 mm (left). The mean from the MIC to the buccal cortex was 4.42 ? 1.29 mm (right) and 4.53 mm ? 1.24 mm (left). The mean between the center of the canal and the buccal alveolar ridge was 18.89 mm ? 2.68mm (right) and 18.20 mm ? 3.06 mm (left), the mean from the center of the MIC to the basal edge was 9.77 mm ? 1.93 (right) and 10.12 mm ? 1.92 mm (left). A greater distribution of MIC was found in the mandibular third quadrant. MIC was identified in 100 % of the samples through CBCT, therefore, its use as a complementary examination should be considered when planning surgeries in the anterior mandibular area.

Indigenous Food Systems and Climate Change: Impacts of Climatic Shifts on the Production and Processing of Native and Traditional Crops in the Bolivian Andes.

Inhabitants of the high-mountain Andes have already begun to experience changes in the timing, severity, and patterning of annual weather cycles. These changes have important implications for agriculture, for human health, and for the conservation of biodiversity in the region. This paper examines the implications of climate-driven changes for native and traditional crops in the municipality of Colomi, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Data were collected between 2012 and 2014 via mixed methods, qualitative fieldwork, including participatory workshops with female farmers and food preparers, semi-structured interviews with local agronomists, and participant observation. Drawing from this data, the paper describes (a) the observed impacts of changing weather patterns on agricultural production in the municipality of Colomi, Bolivia and (b) the role of local environmental resources and conditions, including clean running water, temperature, and humidity, in the household processing techniques used to conserve and sometimes detoxify native crop and animal species, including potato (Solanum sp.), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis), papalisa (Ullucus tuberosus), and charke (llama or sheep jerky). Analysis suggests that the effects of climatic changes on agriculture go beyond reductions in yield, also influencing how farmers make choices about the timing of planting, soil management, and the use and spatial distribution of particular crop varieties. Furthermore, household processing techniques to preserve and detoxify native foods rely on key environmental and climatic resources, which may be vulnerable to climatic shifts. Although these findings are drawn from a single case study, we suggest that Colomi agriculture characterizes larger patterns in what might be termed, "indigenous food systems." Such systems are underrepresented in aggregate models of the impacts of climate change on world agriculture and may be under different, more direct, and more immediate threat from climate change. As such, the health of the food production and processing environments in such systems merits immediate attention in research and practice.

[Geriatric vs. non-geriatric psychiatric hospitalization to the psychiatric services of a general hospital in Chile]. / Internación psiquiátrica geriátrica vs. no geriátrica en un servicio de psiquiatría de un Hospital General en Chile.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that Chilean geriatric population (=65 years) will hit 16% in the year 2030. Psychiatric longer stays have been described for those equal 65 years vs. less than 65 years. We aim to describe the characteristics associated with lengths of stay in our psychiatric unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 3112 admissions between July 2001 and June 2010 to the general psychiatric service of the Pontific Catholic University of Chile. RESULTS: 5.1% (n=132) of the sample was geriatric patients. The average length of stay for this group was 12.4 days (p=0.41). Both the geriatric and non-geriatric population presented a high prevalence of affective disorders (63.7% and 55.1%, respectively). In the geriatric group, there was a higher presence of bipolar disorder (27.3 vs. 19.5%; p less than 0.05) and dementia (16.7% vs. 0.5%). In contrast, for = 65 years, there was significantly less prevalence of adaptive and anxiety disorders (3% vs. 13%; p less than 0.01). There was just one case of personality disorder and no cases of eating disorders in the geriatric group. There were no differences in the lengths of stay according to diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find longer stay times, in general or associated with specific diagnoses, in geriatric patients versus non-geriatric patients.

Evaluación de competencia: [revisión] / Competence assessment: [review]

El reconocimiento de los derechos del paciente y el ejercicio de su autonomía para decidir acerca de los procedimientos de diagnostico y tratamiento propuestos debe manifestarse en el consentimiento informado, para que este sea valido debe realizarlo un paciente competente. Este se realiza en las entrevistas cotidianas, algunos elementos para apoyar al clínico en su evaluación se sugieren de la revisión de la literatura.

The recognition of patient rights and the exercise of their autonomy to decide about the diagnosis and treatment procedures proposed to be expressed in informed consent for it to be valid should be performed by a competent patient. This is done in daily interviews, some elements to support the clinical evaluation suggests the literature review.

Grupo de orientación para mujeres con disfunciones sexuales / Therapeutic group counseling for women with sexual dysfunctions

En el Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile, se realizó un estudio con pacientes derivadas al tratamiento por disfunciones sexuales. Los objetivos del estudio fueron conocer las características de la sexualidad de las mujeres consultantes y aplicar un método de tratamiento de grupo denominado "grupo de orientación y diagnóstico de disfunciones sexuales" que se enfoca hacia la educación sexual y la relación de pareja. Como factores determinantes de las disfunciones sexuales se destacan la falta de información; las relaciones sexuales sin participación psicológica de la mujer, y el desarollo sexual incompleto o traumático denominado por la inhibición y la represión. Las autoras señalan que el tratamiento de grupo es una buena oportunidad para que la mujer pueda descubrir y en algunos casos solucionar sus problemas de disfunciones sexuales, por medio de la descusión franca en un lenguaje propio del grupo social a que pertenece y en un ambiente receptivo que le permita plantear sus dudas y sus conflictos

Abortos en Andacollo / Abortions in Andacollo

Se presenta un material de 107 pacientes que abortaron entre 1982 y 1985 y que fueron atendidas en en Hospital de Andacollo. Se analizan algunas de sus características biológicas, sociales y médicas. Se enfatiza el hecho que el 25,2% de los abortos fueron sépticos y se recalca que ello ocurrió más frecuentemente en las portadoras de dispositivos intrauterinos (41,4%) que en las no usuarias (19,2%), diferencia que es estadísticamente significativa