ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many studies have identified the risk of polypharmacy, but physiological evidence and methods of evaluation in these studies were poor. The relationship between polypharmacy and heart rate variability in older adults remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between polypharmacy in older adults, including atomic bomb survivors, and heart rate variability. METHODS: We surveyed 56 older adults who did not need nursing care assistance in the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Survivors Recuperation Center. Chronic diseases, types of medication, and lifestyle were assessed, and heart rate variability at rest was measured. We calculated heart rate variability indices including standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), total power (TP), and very low frequency (VLF) and analyzed the relationship between the number of daily medication types and heart rate variability indices in older adults. The differences in heart rate variability indices were analyzed using six medications as a cut-off point. RESULTS: Participants included 36 atomic bomb survivors and 20 non-atomic bomb survivors. The mean number of medication types was 3.6±3.4 (mean±standard deviation). SDNN, TP, and VLF decreased with an increased number of medications in all participants (P<0.01). When the standard of polypharmacy was set to more than six types of medications, SDNN, TP, and VLF were significantly lower in older adults who took six or more medications. Additionally, the mean number of medication types among atomic bomb survivors was higher than that of non-atomic bomb survivors (P = 0.008). The SDNN was significantly lower when atomic bomb survivors took six or more medications (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found that a lower heart rate variability in older adults, including atomic bomb survivors, is associated with polypharmacy. We showed physiological evidence of the influence of polypharmacy, which may be important for the healthy life expectancy and prognosis in older adults.
Subject(s)
Heart Rate/physiology , Polypharmacy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Japan , Male , Nuclear Warfare , Nuclear Weapons , SurvivorsABSTRACT
The stability of enflurane in soda lime was examined. A product of enflurane decomposition was detected after the reaction of enflurane with soda lime, but not in the absence of soda lime. The production of this compound, identified as 1-chloro-1,2-difluorovinyl difluoromethyl ether by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, increased with time and temperature. The same decomposition product was produced by the reaction of enflurane with potassium, sodium, or calcium hydroxides, and it was also detected in the gas phase at a maximum concentration of 1.29 ppm at 420 min after 5% enflurane circulated with 200 ml/min carbon dioxide gas in a closed anesthesia circle system with a soda lime canister and a model lung. We concluded that enflurane was decomposed to 1-chloro-1,2-difluorovinyl difluoromethyl ether by soda lime.
