Functional cortical localization of tongue movements using corticokinematic coherence with a deep learning-assisted motion capture system.

Corticokinematic coherence (CKC) between magnetoencephalographic and movement signals using an accelerometer is useful for the functional localization of the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1). However, it is difficult to determine the tongue CKC because an accelerometer yields excessive magnetic artifacts. Here, we introduce a novel approach for measuring the tongue CKC using a deep learning-assisted motion capture system with videography, and compare it with an accelerometer in a control task measuring finger movement. Twelve healthy volunteers performed rhythmical side-to-side tongue movements in the whole-head magnetoencephalographic system, which were simultaneously recorded using a video camera and examined using a deep learning-assisted motion capture system. In the control task, right finger CKC measurements were simultaneously evaluated via motion capture and an accelerometer. The right finger CKC with motion capture was significant at the movement frequency peaks or its harmonics over the contralateral hemisphere; the motion-captured CKC was 84.9% similar to that with the accelerometer. The tongue CKC was significant at the movement frequency peaks or its harmonics over both hemispheres. The CKC sources of the tongue were considerably lateral and inferior to those of the finger. Thus, the CKC with deep learning-assisted motion capture can evaluate the functional localization of the tongue SM1.

Role of TRPM8 in switching between fever and hypothermia in adult mice during endotoxin-induced inflammation.

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) functions in the sensing of noxious and innocuous colds; however, its significance in pathogen-induced thermoregulation remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of TRPM8 in the regulation of endotoxin-induced body temperature control. The peripheral administration of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 50 â€‹µg/kg generated fever in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas it caused hypothermia in TRPM8 knockout (KO) animals. LPS-induced sickness responses such as decrease in body weight, and food and water intake were not different between WT and TRPM8 KO mice. TRPM8 KO mice exhibited more severe hypothermia and lower locomotor activity following the peripheral administration of high-dose LPS at 5 â€‹mg/kg compared with WT ones. An intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of either LPS at 3.6 â€‹µg/kg or interleukin-1ß at 400 â€‹ng/kg elicited hypothermia in TRPM8 KO mice, in contrast to fever in WT animals. The peripheral administration of zymosan at 3 â€‹mg/kg also induced hypothermia in contrast to fever in WT mice. An i.c.v. injection of prostaglandin E2 at 16 or 160 â€‹nmol/kg induced normal fever in both WT and TRPM8 KO mice. Infrared thermography showed significant decline of the interscapular skin temperature that estimates temperature of the brown adipose tissue, regardless of no alteration of its temperature in WT animals. Fos immunohistochemistry showed stronger Fos activation of hypothalamic thermoregulation-associated nuclei in TRPM8 KO mice compared with WT animals following the peripheral administration of low-dose LPS. Therefore, the present study indicates that TRPM8 is necessary for switching between fever and hypothermia during endotoxin-induced inflammation.