Simple Technique for Stabilizing Toric Intraocular Lens during Removal of Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Device.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to describe a simple technique for the implantation of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) with increased stability during ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) removal. METHODS: The technique was performed on 20 eyes with 20 patients (mean age: 77.9 ± 9.21 years). The patients had cataract surgery with implantation of a single-piece, acrylic IOL (AcrySof Toric IOL, SN6A; Alcon Laboratories, Inc.). The intraoperative IOL rotation during OVD removal, rotational error of toric IOL axis at 30 min and 24 h after surgery, and mean preoperative and postoperative IOP were evaluated. Images were captured before and after removal of OVD from surgical video, and used to evaluate intraoperative IOL rotation. RESULTS: The mean amount of IOL rotation during OVD removal with the current technique was 0.88 ± 0.93°, which was less than the 10.25 ± 5.50° previously reported for the conventional technique. The rotational error of toric IOL axis at 30 min and 24 h were 3.90 ± 3.71 and 3.05 ± 3.22°, respectively. The mean preoperative IOP and postoperative IOP were 13.84 ± 2.39 and 14.15 ± 4.68 mm Hg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With the current technique, the toric IOL is stable during OVD removal and repositioning of the IOL during surgery is less likely to be required.

Outer Retinal Abnormalities in a Patient with Danon Disease.

PURPOSE: To report outer retinal abnormalities evaluated using high-resolution imaging modalities in a patient with Danon disease. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 26-year-old woman, diagnosed with Danon disease based on genetic testing, was referred to our department for further evaluation of ocular findings. Her best-corrected VA was 20/20, and color vision was normal. Fundus examination revealed pigmentary changes consisting of mottled depigmentation and pigmentation in the peripheral retina of both eyes. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed disruptions of the ellipsoid and interdigitation zones, irregularity of the retinal pigment epithelium, and hyperreflectivity of the outer nuclear layer. In addition, an adaptive optics retinal camera demonstrated the ambiguous macular cone mosaic pattern. CONCLUSION: Danon disease is caused by a primary deficiency in lysosomal associated membrane protein 2, an important constituent of the lysosomal membrane that plays a crucial role in the process of autophagy. It is possible that the findings of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics retinal camera are early changes associated with the accumulation of autophagosomes and/or phagosomes due to lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 dysfunction in the photoreceptors, eventually followed by outer retinal degeneration, such as thinning of both the photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium layers at the fovea.

Macular hole after Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy with OCT findings.

Patients with incomplete posterior vitreous detachment, especially with vitreomacular adhesion, can form a macular hole after Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy. It is recommended to inform the risk of forming a macular hole before Nd-YAG laser treatment.

Unsaturated Aldehyde Acrolein Promotes Retinal Glial Cell Migration.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of the unsaturated aldehyde acrolein on retinal glial cell migration. Methods: Müller glial cell markers expression in TR-MUL5 were confirmed by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Cell viability and migration rate of TR-MUL5 cells were assessed after the stimulation with acrolein. DNA microarray analysis was performed to analyze changes in the expression levels of migration-related genes in Müller glial cells stimulated with acrolein. Real-time PCR and ELISA were performed to validate DNA microarray analysis results. Inhibitors of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), one of the genes highly upregulated after the exposure to acrolein, and blockers of its receptor, CXCR2, were used to investigate the role of the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis on glial cell migration. CXCL1 concentration was measured in vitreous fluid samples obtained from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and nondiabetic control eyes. CXCL1 and CXCR2 expression in glial cells of fibrovascular tissues obtained from PDR patients was examined by immunostaining. Results: At a high concentration, acrolein (100 µM) significantly decreased cell viability. However, in moderate, sublethal concentrations (25-50 µM), acrolein induced cell migration and substantially increased the production of CXCL1 in TR-MUL5 cells. CXCL1 concentration was significantly elevated in vitreous fluids of PDR patients, and CXCL1 and CXCR2 were present in glial cells in fibrovascular tissues of PDR patients. CXCL1 stimulation increased glial cell migration in a dose-dependent manner, which was abrogated by the neutralization of the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that acrolein promotes retinal Müller glial cell migration by enhancing CXCL1 production.

Changes in Inner and Outer Retinal Layer Thicknesses after Vitrectomy for Idiopathic Macular Hole: Implications for Visual Prognosis.

PURPOSE: To investigate sequential post-operative thickness changes in inner and outer retinal layers in eyes with an idiopathic macular hole (MH). METHODS: Retrospective case series. Twenty-four eyes of 23 patients who had received pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for the closure of MH were included in the study. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography C-scan was used to automatically measure the mean thickness of the inner and outer retinal layers pre-operatively and up to 6 months following surgery. The photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length was measured manually and was used to assess its relationship with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). RESULTS: Compared with the pre-operative thickness, the inner layers significantly thinned during follow-up (P = 0.02), particularly in the parafoveal (P = 0.01), but not perifoveal, area. The post-operative inner layer thinning ranged from the ganglion cell layer to the inner plexiform layer (P = 0.002), whereas the nerve fiber layer was unaltered. Outer layer thickness was significantly greater post-operatively (P = 0.002), and especially the PROS lengthened not only in the fovea but also in the parafovea (P < 0.001). Six months after surgery, BCVA was significantly correlated exclusively with the elongated foveal PROS (R = 0.42, P = 0.03), but not with any of the other thickness parameters examined. CONCLUSIONS: Following PPV for MH, retinal inner layers other than the nerve fiber layer thinned, suggestive of subclinical thickening in the inner layers where no cyst was evident pre-operatively. In contrast, retinal outer layer thickness significantly increased, potentially as a result of PROS elongation linking tightly with favorable visual prognosis in MH eyes.

Increased vascular endothelial growth factor level in the subretinal fluid of eye with vasoproliferative retinal tumors.

PURPOSE: To describe a level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the subretinal fluid obtained from a case with vasoproliferative retinal tumors (VPRTs). METHODS: A 30-year-old male patient presented with VPRTs subsequent to long-standing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. RESULTS: The patient was treated with encircling scleral buckling, cryopexy, and intravitreal bevacizumab injection. The protein level of VEGF in the subretinal fluid was measured and compared with those in the subretinal fluid obtained from patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Vascular endothelial growth factor level in the subretinal fluid from a patient with VPRTs was 12,997.9 pg/mL, whereas the mean VEGF concentration in the subretinal fluid from 4 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was 2.1 ± 2.8 pg/mL. CONCLUSION: The current data provide the evidence that VEGF production has increased in eyes with VPRTs and anti-VEGF therapy is theoretically effective for the treatment of VPRTs.

Retinal outer layer thickness increases after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane, and visual improvement positively correlates with photoreceptor outer segment length.

PURPOSE: To investigate postoperative thickness changes in the retinal layers in eyes with epiretinal membrane (ERM). Correlations between these changes and visual outcomes were also examined. METHODS: Retrospective review of 25 eyes (24 patients) that had undergone pars plana vitrectomy for ERM and had a postoperative follow-up period ≥6 months. Optical coherence tomography (6 × 6 mm macular thickness map) was used to measure mean thickness of the inner and outer retinal layers 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months following surgery. Photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length was evaluated manually, and used to assess the association between best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal layer thickness at the fovea. RESULTS: At 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months, retinal layer thickness was 388, 377, 362, and 352 µm for the whole layer; 133, 115, 107, and 101 µm for the inner layer; 138, 145, 147, and 148 µm for the outer layer; and 28, 35, 36, and 40 µm for the PROS length, respectively. In comparison to 1-week data, the inner layers were significantly thinner at 1 month and later, as was the thickness of the entire retina. Outer layer thickness and PROS length were also significantly thicker at these time points. Six months following surgery, BCVA was significantly correlated with an elongated PROS length (R = 0.49, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Retinal outer layer thickness significantly increased following pars plana vitrectomy for ERM. Visual improvement was positively correlated with PROS length recovery.

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy with bevacizumab in vasoproliferative retinal tumors.

PURPOSE: To examine whether vasoproliferative retinal tumors (VPRTs) express vascular endothelial growth factor and respond to intravitreal bevacizumab injection. METHODS: Retrospective interventional case series. Intravitreal bevacizumab 1.25 mg was administered to 9 patients with VPRT-associated neovascularization or exudative retinal changes. The changes of the tumor size, best-corrected visual acuity, and central retinal thickness were evaluated before and after treatment. Immunohistochemistry with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody in an excised tissue of VPRT during pars plana vitrectomy was performed. RESULTS: In two patients with small tumors (within two disk diameters), the tumors disappeared or regressed with only one injection of intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Larger tumors regressed after additional laser photocoagulation and/or cryotherapy without recurrence of exudative retinal changes in six eyes, although these did not regress by intravitreal bevacizumab injection alone. The mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution value of best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness at the final visit were significantly improved compared with those of pretreatment (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). Immunoreactivity for vascular endothelial growth factor was strongly detected in the resected tumor tissue. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor derived from VPRTs causes retinal neovascularization or exudative retinal changes associated with VPRTs. Intravitreal bevacizumab may be a useful therapeutic option for these complications secondary to VPRTs.

Macular choroidal blood flow velocity decreases with regression of acute central serous chorioretinopathy.

AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the time course of macular choroidal blood flow velocity in acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: This retrospective observational case series included 21 eyes of 20 patients (17 men, 3 women; mean age, 53.0 years) with treatment-naïve acute CSC. Laser speckle flowgraphy was performed to calculate macular mean blur rate (MBR), an indicator of relative blood flow velocity at the first visit, 3 and 6 months thereafter. Changes in average MBR values were compared with visual improvement at 6 months. RESULTS: Subretinal fluid completely resolved in all eyes within 6 months, while best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved at 6 months compared to the initial BCVA. During the follow-up period, the average MBR significantly decreased to 92.8% and 82.3% at 3 and 6 months, respectively, against baseline (100%). Importantly, there was a negative correlation between the BCVA recovery and the MBR decrease, showing the possible association of MBR increase with poor visual prognosis. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated no significant correlation between MBR and ocular perfusion pressure. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that macular choroidal blood flow velocity decreases concurrently with regression of CSC, suggesting a validity of choroidal blood flow elevation in the pathogenesis of acute CSC.

Astaxanthin increases choroidal blood flow velocity.

PURPOSE: Previous studies have reported that astaxanthin (AXT) has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to its ability to shorten blood transit times. As laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) can noninvasively visualize the hemodynamics of the choroidal circulation, we used the technique to evaluate whether continuous ingestion of 12 mg of AXT per day could increase quantitative blood flow velocity. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we examined 20 healthy volunteers who ingested 12 mg AXT or placebo capsules over a 4-week period. LSFG was measured in the right eyes of all subjects at pre-ingestion, and at 2 and 4 weeks after the treatment of AXT. LSFG values were used to calculate the square blur rate (SBR), which is a quantitative index of relative blood flow velocity. RESULTS: A significant increase of the macular SBR was seen 4 weeks after AXT ingestion when compared to the pre-ingestion values (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.018). In contrast, no statistical difference in the macular SBR was detected in the placebo group (Friedman test, P = 0.598). No subjective or objective adverse events were found after the 12-mg AXT ingestion. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that administration of AXT over a 4-week period can elevate the choroidal blood flow velocity without any adverse effects.