Characterization of typical and atypical enteroaggregative escherichia coli in Kagoshima, Japan: biofilm formation and acid resistance.

EAEC is increasingly recognized as an emerging enteric pathogen. Typical EAEC expressing the AggR regulon have been proven to be an important cause of childhood diarrhea in industrialized countries as well as in the developing world, while atypical EAEC without this regulon have not been thoroughly investigated. To investigate the bacteriological characteristics of EAEC, including both typical and atypical strains in Kagoshima, Japan, 2417 E. coli strains from Japanese children with diarrhea were screened by a quantitative biofilm assay to detect possible EAEC strains, resulting in the identification of 102 (4.2%) of these strains by the HEp-2 cell adherence test. Virulence gene patterns, PFGE analysis and O-serogrouping demonstrated the heterogeneity of the EAEC. The EAEC strains were classified into two groups: typical EAEC with aggR (74.5%, 76/102) and atypical EAEC without aggR (25.5%, 26/102). There was no significant difference between the typical EAEC strains (median OD(570)= 0.73) and the atypical strains (median OD(570)= 0.61) in biofilm formation (P= 0.17). Incidences of resistance against ampicillin, cefotaxime and tetracycline were significantly higher in the typical EAEC strains than the atypical EAEC strains (84.2% vs. 53.8%, 36.8% vs. 7.7% and 93.4% vs. 73.1%, respectively, P < 0.05). The typical EAEC strains showed significantly higher resistance ratios against HCl and lactate than the atypical strains (94.7% vs. 61.5% and 92.1% vs. 57.7%, respectively, P < 0.001). To investigate the pathogenicity of not only typical but also atypical EAEC, further bacteriological and epidemiologic studies including atypical EAEC are needed.

The shf gene of a Shigella flexneri homologue on the virulent plasmid pAA2 of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli 042 is required for firm biofilm formation.

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an increasingly important cause of diarrhea in both developing and industrialized countries, and is characterized by strong biofilm formation on the intestinal mucosa. Sequencing of the virulent plasmid pAA2 of the prototype EAEC 042 revealed a cluster of three open reading frames (ORFs; shf, capU, and virK) ca. 93% identical to a similar cluster located in Shigella flexneri. The function of the first ORF Shf protein is not known, but the closest well-characterized homologue is the IcaB protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis, which plays a crucial role in exopolysaccharide modification in bacterial biofilm formation. To investigate the role of this cluster in the virulence of EAEC, we mutated three genes at this locus. All the mutants maintained the aggregative phenotype in the liquid phase. However, the insertional mutant of shf formed a less abundant biofilm in a microtiter plate assay than did the wild type, while the capU mutant and the virK mutant did not. The complementation of the shf mutant with this cluster restored the thick biofilm similar to that of the wild type. The shf transcriptional level decreased in the transcriptional regulator aggR mutant and was restored when the mutant was complemented with aggR. These results suggest that the shf gene is required for the firm biofilm formation of EAEC 042, and transcription of the shf gene is dependent on AggR.

The Escherichia coli efflux pump TolC promotes aggregation of enteroaggregative E. coli 042.

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging enteric pathogen in both developing and industrialized countries. EAEC is defined as a diarrheal pathogen based on its characteristic aggregative adherence to HEp-2 cells in culture and its biofilm formation on the intestinal mucosa. We have reported that the novel protein AatA, which is encoded on the EAEC virulence plasmid pAA2, localizes to the outer membrane and facilitates export of the dispersin Aap across the outer membrane. Because AatA is an E. coli efflux pump TolC homolog, we investigated the role of TolC in the virulence of EAEC. No difference in Aap secretion was observed between the wild type and its tolC mutant (042tolC). However, characteristic aggregation in high-glucose Dulbecco's minimal essential medium for the wild type was diminished for 042tolC. In a microtiter plate assay, there were significantly more planktonic cells for 042tolC than for the wild type, while there were significantly fewer spontaneously precipitated cells on the substratum for 042tolC than for the wild type. In a HEp-2 cell adherence test, 042tolC showed less aggregative adherence than did the wild type. The strong aggregation and aggregative adherence were restored in the complement strain with tolC. In a transwell assay, planktonic cells of 042tolC decreased when cocultured with the wild type or the complement, while precipitated cells of 042tolC increased when cocultured with them. These results suggest that TolC promotes the aggregation and adhesion of EAEC 042 by secreting an assumed humoral factor.

Role of the carboxy-terminal region of the outer membrane protein AatA in the export of dispersin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging enteric pathogen in both developing and industrialized countries. AatA, an outer-membrane protein that is a homolog of E. coli TolC, facilitates the export of the dispersin protein Aap across the outer membrane in EAEC. To identify which amino acids are important for this export activity, site-directed mutagenesis of the carboxy terminus was performed. An insertional mutant of aatA was complemented with each of several deletion mutants, and was examined for Aap secretion. The results showed that three nonpolar amino acids at positions 381-383 (Phe-Leu-Leu) were required for the activity, and these residues were located at the base of carboxy-terminal elongation in the equatorial domain of AatA.

Phase diagrams and microstructure of aggregates in mixed ionic surfactant/foam booster systems.

The phase behavior and microstructure of surfactant systems containing a new alkanolamide-type foam booster, dodecanoyl N-methyl ethanolamide (NMEA-12), were investigated by means of phase study and small angle X-ray scattering. Different from other similar alkanolamides, NMEA-12 possesses a low melting point and forms a lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase (L(alpha) phase) at room temperature. This is attributed to the attached methyl group, which increases the fluidity of the molecule. In the SDS/NMEA-12/water system, hexagonal and lamellar (L(alpha)) liquid-crystalline phases are obtained at significantly low surfactant concentrations. The stability of these phases decreases when SDS is replaced with a nonionic surfactant (C12EO8). However, for both ionic and nonionic surfactants, the effective area per surfactant molecule at the interface shrinks upon addition of NMEA-12, indicating that the surfactant layer is getting more compact. The possible implications of these results on the potential applications of NMEA-12 as foam stabilizer are discussed.

[An outbreak of rubella among hospital personnel and measures taken against hospital infection--cost-benefits of the measure].

There is no nationwide outbreak of rubella after 1992 in Japan, but a local outbreak remains. Recently, some cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were reported after a local outbreak. An outbreak of rubella among hospital personnel occurred in our hospital located on Tanegashima Island on March and April 2003 after a visit of one rubella patient. Fifteen employees, including 7 clerks, 6 nurses, one doctor, and one radiologist, experienced rubella. A total of 259 employees in our hospital employees were examined for anti rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests with informed consent and recommended to take rubella vaccines. Sixty-seven employees (26%) among 257 examined for tests were found susceptible to rubella, and 53 employees were vaccinated. After vaccination, the outbreak was stamped out immediately. There was no rubella patient infected from employee. Nine among the 15 infected employees had declared to have a history of rubella or rubella vaccines before onsets, suggesting interviews are not reliable. There were many susceptible persons and rubella patients among elderly women and male personnel; therefore, measures are needed for elderly personnel as well as younger employees. In addition, adequate measures should be taken to prevent CRS, because many female personnel capable of pregnancy work in hospitals. The cost of the rubella HI tests and vaccination was approximately yen 200,000 (about dollar 1,600). The absence due to illness per one person was 6 days, and the wage per one day was about yen 12,000 (about dollar 100) on the average. The overall cost required in the outbreak was estimated to be approximate yen 1,400,000 (about dollar 12,000). Considering that an outbreak of rubella causes not only a large amount of expenditure but also loss of hospital income, the investment to prevent a rubella outbreak is quite valuable in the management of a hospital.