ABSTRACT
Oral anticoagulants are among the drugs with the greatest number of drug interactions. The concomitant use of several medications is a common practice in patients with cardiovascular problems, who often also present with depression; therefore, the probability of an interaction occurring between warfarin and the antidepressants is high, and may result in increased or decreased anticoagulant activity. Since the possible interactions between these two classes of drugs have been poorly explored in literature, with a risk to the patients who use them, we reviewed the pharmacology of warfarin and its possible interactions with antidepressants. Of the antidepressants analyzed, those that showed relevant effects on the interaction with warfarin were, in decreasing order: paroxetine, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, and duloxetine.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Warfarin/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Anticoagulants/adverse effects , Anticoagulants/pharmacokinetics , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Biotransformation/drug effects , Cyclohexanols/pharmacology , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Drug Interactions , Duloxetine Hydrochloride , Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Humans , Paroxetine/pharmacology , Thiophenes/pharmacology , Thrombophilia/drug therapy , Venlafaxine Hydrochloride , Vitamin K/antagonists & inhibitors , Warfarin/adverse effects , Warfarin/pharmacokinetics , Warfarin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Oral anticoagulants are among the drugs with the greatest number of drug interactions. The concomitant use of several medications is a common practice in patients with cardiovascular problems, who often also present with depression; therefore, the probability of an interaction occurring between warfarin and the antidepressants is high, and may result in increased or decreased anticoagulant activity. Since the possible interactions between these two classes of drugs have been poorly explored in literature, with a risk to the patients who use them, we reviewed the pharmacology of warfarin and its possible interactions with antidepressants. Of the antidepressants analyzed, those that showed relevant effects on the interaction with warfarin were, in decreasing order: paroxetine, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, and duloxetine.
Os anticoagulantes orais estão entre as drogas com maior número de interações medicamentosas. O uso concomitante de vários medicamentos é uma prática comum em pacientes com problemas cardiovasculares, os quais frequentemente também apresentam depressão; assim, a probabilidade de ocorrer alguma interação entre a varfarina e os antidepressivos é bem expressiva, podendo resultar em um aumento ou uma diminuição da atividade anticoagulante. Como as possíveis interações entre essas duas classes de medicamentos se mostraram pouco exploradas na literatura, com risco aos pacientes que fazem uso delas, revisamos a farmacologia da varfarina e suas possíveis interações com antidepressivos. Dos antidepressivos analisados, os que apresentaram efeitos relevantes na interação com a varfarina foram, em ordem decrescente: paroxetina, venlafaxina, fluoxetina e duloxetina.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anticoagulants/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Warfarin/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Anticoagulants/adverse effects , Anticoagulants/pharmacokinetics , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Biotransformation/drug effects , Cyclohexanols/pharmacology , /metabolism , Drug Interactions , Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Paroxetine/pharmacology , Thiophenes/pharmacology , Thrombophilia/drug therapy , Vitamin K/antagonists & inhibitors , Warfarin/adverse effects , Warfarin/pharmacokinetics , Warfarin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Conhecidos há mais de 2.500 anos, os transtornos afetivos continuam a dominar os interesses da saúde pública, com destaque ao transtorno depressivo maior (TDM). Diversos antidepressivos foram desenvolvidos destacando-se os Inibidores Seletivos da Recaptura de Serotonina (ISRS), entre eles, a fluoxetina medicamento de primeira escolha no manejo do TDM. Em contrapartida, os extratos do Hypericum perforatum (HP) vêm tomando destaque, representando os antidepressivos mais prescritos em vários países europeus. Essa revisão teve por objetivo analisar a eficácia e a aceitação das formas mais prevalentes de terapias medicamentosas do TDM leve a moderado: fluoxetina e HP, por meio de estudos avaliados, a partir de 2005, identificados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Ovid, ScienceDirect, além de referências bibliográficas. Dentre os estudos avaliados, três consideraram o HP mais eficaz que fluoxetina, um o considerou menos eficaz e um não demonstrou diferença. Os trabalhos que avaliaram a aceitação foram unânimes quanto à superioridade do HP. Os trabalhos analisados são controversos quanto à eficácia do HP no manejo do TDM. Todos os estudos utilizaram doses de 900 mg de HP administrados uma a três vezes ao dia, contra 20 mg de fluoxetina uma vez ao dia. O tempo de tratamento realizado variou de 4 a 12 semanas, analisando o tratamento em depressão leve a moderada e apenas um estudo avaliou depressão com parâmetros vegetativos invertidos. Há, portanto, necessidade de mais estudos com tratamento em longo prazo, variando as doses das medicações a fim de avaliar se o HP consiste em mais uma arma contra o TDM leve a moderado.
Know over 2.500 years, affective disorders still present major interest in the public health studies, particularly the major depressive disorder (MDD). Several antidepressant drugs have been developed, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) fluoxetine, the first choice for the MDD drug-therapy. Besides that, Hypericum perforatum (HP) extracts have been more and more prescribed, and are the most used antidepressants in several European countries. This review had, as its objective, to evaluate efficiency and compliance to the treatment of mild to moderated MDD patients: fluoxetine and HP extracts, through studies published from 2005, identified in MEDLINE, Ovid, ScienceDirect databases as well as textbooks. Among these studies, three papers considered HP as more efficient than fluoxetine, one paper had the opposite conclusion and one did not demonstrate any significant difference. The studies that evaluated the tolerance were unanimous about the superiority of HP. HP efficiency in MDD treatment was controversial. All papers revised used one to three doses of HP 900 mg/day and a single fluoxetine 20 mg/day dose. The treatment was carried out for 4-12 weeks, and the patients were diagnosed with mild to moderated MDD. Further studies, including other dosage regimens and long-term treatments, must be carried out in order to provide consistent data on mild or moderated MDD drug-therapy for health professionals involved with the treatment of patients in this clinical condition.