Acute Antioxidant Response to Two Types of Exercises: 2000 M Run vs. Burpee Test.

Physical activity results in oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased production of reactive oxygen, nitrogen species, and inflammatory mediators. The management of these components is instrumental for antioxidant adaptation to exercise and post-exercise recovery. Therefore, the present report aims to study the antioxidant response to two types of exercise (a 2000 m run and a burpee test) in healthy volunteers after a long period of inactivity (1-2 months). Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde content) were measured in neutrophils, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and plasma. These parameters were determined under basal conditions and immediately post-exercise. Compared to those in basal state, neutrophil superoxide dismutase (28.3 vs. 22.9 pkat/109 cells), glutathione peroxidase (147.5 vs. 120.1 nkat/109 cells), and catalase (106.3 vs. 57.9 k/109 cells) were activated significantly (p < 0.05) after the burpee test. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells exhibited only significant (p < 0.05) catalase activation (113.6 vs. 89.4 k/109 cells) after the burpee test. Other enzymes, such as glutathione reductase and myeloperoxidase, tended to increase post-exercise, although the differences from baseline were not significant. Finally, compared to basal conditions, the protein carbonyl (24.5 vs. 14.5 mmol/L) and malondialdehyde (39.6 vs. 18.3 mmol/L) contents increased significantly (p < 0.05) in neutrophils and in plasma (115.1 vs. 97.8 and 130.2 vs. 123.4 µmol/L, respectively) after the burpee test. In conclusion, high-intensity exercise seems to induce immediate oxidative stress in inactive individuals, and the acute antioxidant response was slightly greater after the burpee test than after the 2000 m run. Glutathione-dependent antioxidant systems are activated immediately as protective mechanisms.

Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response by Different Polyphenol Supplements in Five-a-Side Football Players.

Oxidative stress is associated with playing soccer. The objective of the present report was to study the influence of different polyphenolic antioxidant-rich beverages in five-a-side/futsal players. The study was performed with a no supplemented control group (CG) and two supplemented groups with an almond-based beverage (AB) and the same beverage fortified with Lippia citriodora extract (AB + LE). At day 22, participants played a friendly futsal game. Blood extractions were performed at the beginning of intervention (day 1), before and after match (day 22) to determine oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in plasma, neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Malondialdehyde increased significantly in controls after the match in neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma compared to pre-match. Protein carbonyls also increased after the match in plasma in CG. In addition, malondialdehyde levels in neutrophils were significantly lower in the supplemented groups compared to controls. Post-match samples showed significant increases in neutrophil antioxidant activities in CG. Supplemented groups displayed variable results regarding neutrophil antioxidant activities, with superoxide dismutase activity significantly lower than in controls. Finally, post-match myeloperoxidase activity increased significantly in controls compared to pre-match and supplemented groups. In conclusion, polyphenolic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplements could be instrumental for optimal recovery after high intensity futsal games.

Antioxidant Supplementation Modulates Neutrophil Inflammatory Response to Exercise-Induced Stress.

The aim of the present report was to evaluate the inflammatory response to a 2000-m running test considering neutrophil myeloperoxidase as an inflammatory marker, and to verify if supplements rich in antioxidants could modulate Post-test antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. To this end, a 21-day homogenization period was carried out with three groups: a control group, a supplemented group taking an almond beverage enriched with vitamins C and E and a third group consuming the same beverage but enriched with Lippia citriodora extract. At the end of this period, participants performed a 2000-m run, and blood samples were obtained the day before and immediately after the running test. Plasma and neutrophils were isolated. As a result, plasma creatine kinase and myoglobin increased, indicating Post-test muscle damage. Plasma oxidative markers were increased in all groups, except in the group supplemented with the almond beverage. Neutrophil antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased only in the control group, suggesting an antioxidant effect of the supplements provided in the other groups. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased after the test in the control group, while increased enzyme levels were detected in plasma of the supplement groups. Therefore, antioxidant consumption seems to favour myeloperoxidase release. The connection of this observation with post-exercise recovery will require further investigation.

Effect of a 2000-m running test on antioxidant and cytokine response in plasma and circulating cells

Exercise intensity usually correlates with increased oxidative stress and enhanced cytokine production. However, it is unknown if all types of exercise that induce muscle damage can cause a parallel response in the oxidation balance and cytokine production. To this end, the effect of a 2000-m running test in a group of volunteers that regularly train in aerobic routines was studied. Different circulating parameters were measured, oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde), antioxidant enzyme activity, and cytokine levels in plasma as well as in the main circulating cells of blood samples obtained in basal conditions and after test execution. As a result, the test caused muscle damage evidenced by an increase in circulating creatine kinase and myoglobin. This was accompanied by an increase in protein carbonyls in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, superoxide dismutase) were elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, neutrophils, and erythrocytes after the test. Regarding cytokine production, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α exhibited no significant changes after the test. Results suggest that this short but intense running exercise (2000 m) can induce muscle damage and elicit a good balance between oxidant/antioxidant responses with no changes in the circulating concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Effect of a 2000-m running test on antioxidant and cytokine response in plasma and circulating cells.

Exercise intensity usually correlates with increased oxidative stress and enhanced cytokine production. However, it is unknown if all types of exercise that induce muscle damage can cause a parallel response in the oxidation balance and cytokine production. To this end, the effect of a 2000-m running test in a group of volunteers that regularly train in aerobic routines was studied. Different circulating parameters were measured, oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde), antioxidant enzyme activity, and cytokine levels in plasma as well as in the main circulating cells of blood samples obtained in basal conditions and after test execution. As a result, the test caused muscle damage evidenced by an increase in circulating creatine kinase and myoglobin. This was accompanied by an increase in protein carbonyls in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, superoxide dismutase) were elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, neutrophils, and erythrocytes after the test. Regarding cytokine production, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α exhibited no significant changes after the test. Results suggest that this short but intense running exercise (2000 m) can induce muscle damage and elicit a good balance between oxidant/antioxidant responses with no changes in the circulating concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Effect of polyphenol supplements on redox status of blood cells: a randomized controlled exercise training trial.

PURPOSE: The effect of endogenous antioxidants can be either an immediate response (relying on enzymatic activities) or a long-term adaptation (relying on gene modulation events), both susceptible to be modified by antioxidants from diet and supplementation. The aim of this work was to delve in these aspects in circulating white blood cells in a group of volunteers (n = 33, 20-22 years) performing eccentric exercises and consuming or not (n = 8) different polyphenolic antioxidants (Lippia citriodora extract-PLX(®) n = 8, almond beverage n = 9 or a mixture of both n = 8) during 21 days. METHODS: We have designed a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant gene expression were determined. RESULTS: Neutrophils and lymphocytes expressed high amounts of oxidative markers compared to plasma. Concerning enzymatic activities, increased superoxide dismutase levels were detected when certain supplements were consumed. However, catalase levels did not change. As for glutathione peroxidase levels, no differences were detected in lymphocytes, while neutrophils expressed increased levels in both placebo and PLX(®) groups. Glutathione reductase activity was decreased in all groups, except in neutrophils of PLX(®) group. At the level of gene expression, neither PLX(®) nor the almond beverage interfered with the expression of genes coding for the corresponding enzymes. However, the combined intake of both supplements affected the expression of glutathione reductase and Cu-Zn and Mn-superoxide dismutases in neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, these results suggest that blood cell types respond and adapt differently to exercise-induced oxidative damage.

Antimicrobial activity of food-compatible plant extracts and chitosan against naturally occurring micro-organisms in tomato juice.

BACKGROUND: Chitosan (AC) and five hydroalcoholic extracts from Lithospermum erythrorhizon (SE), Rheum palmatum (RE), Thymus vulgaris (AT), Lippia citriodora (PLX) and a mixture of Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia lavandulifolia and Thymus mastichina (LA) were tested for antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi using two broth dilution methods. The effects of adding single extracts on naturally occurring micro-organisms and sensory qualities of raw tomato juice were also evaluated. RESULTS: SE extract exhibited the strongest activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 100-400 µg mL⁻¹ for Gram-positive and 1600-3200 µg mL⁻¹ for Gram-negative bacteria. Enterobacter aerogenes showed the greatest susceptibility to AC (MIC 1600 µg mL⁻¹). Lethal effects of extracts and AC were achieved at a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/MIC ratio of 2 in 88% of assays. SE and RE extracts and AC also exhibited antifungal effect against yeasts, but they had no activity on filamentous fungi. Control and 100 mg L⁻¹ SE-added tomato juices did not differ in acceptance, but this SE concentration was not effective in the control of microbial load throughout cold storage. CONCLUSION: Results confirm the antimicrobial potential of the plant extracts, but additional research is needed until the agents responsible for the activities have been determined in order to use them as natural constituents of multiple-barrier food preservation systems.

A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of the effect of a combination of lemon verbena extract and fish oil omega-3 fatty acid on joint management.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory supplement containing standardized lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla, Lippia citriodora) extract and fish oil omega-3 fatty acid in a human pilot trial as an alternative treatment for joint management. METHODS AND DESIGN: First, antioxidant activity of the supplement was determined through an oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. In a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, 45 subjects with pain discomfort received the nutritional supplement or placebo for 9 weeks. Western Ontario MacMaster (WOMAC) and Lequesne's questionnaires, which are disease-specific measurements validated to measure joint dysfunction and pain, were administered and evaluated once per week in the placebo and intervention groups. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain and stiffness symptoms, and joint function were determined once per week through recording their respective WOMAC and Lequesne's scores in the placebo and intervention groups. Statistically significant differences were determined at every measurement point between the two groups. RESULTS: Lemon verbena extract showed strong antioxidant properties as measured by the ORAC assay. The nutritional supplement containing standardized lemon verbena extract (14% verbascoside, w/w) and fish oil omega-3 fatty acid reduced symptoms of pain and stiffness significantly, and improved physical function as shown by WOMAC and Lequesne's scores after 9 weeks of treatment. WOMAC and Lequesne's total scores decreased 53% and 78%, respectively, at the end of the study compared to initial conditions. Onset of the effect was observed at the third and fourth weeks, when statistically significant differences were detected, compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study reveals that supplementation with lemon verbena combined with omega-3 fatty acids may be considered for further investigation as a complementary and alternative treatment for improving joint status in subjects with joint discomfort.

Effect of lemon verbena supplementation on muscular damage markers, proinflammatory cytokines release and neutrophils' oxidative stress in chronic exercise.

Intense exercise is directly related to muscular damage and oxidative stress due to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both, plasma and white blood cells. Nevertheless, exercise-derived ROS are essential to regulate cellular adaptation to exercise. Studies on antioxidant supplements have provided controversial results. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moderate antioxidant supplementation (lemon verbena extract) in healthy male volunteers that followed a 90-min running eccentric exercise protocol for 21 days. Antioxidant enzymes activities and oxidative stress markers were measured in neutrophils. Besides, inflammatory cytokines and muscular damage were determined in whole blood and serum samples, respectively. Intense running exercise for 21 days induced antioxidant response in neutrophils of trained male through the increase of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Supplementation with moderate levels of an antioxidant lemon verbena extract did not block this cellular adaptive response and also reduced exercise-induced oxidative damage of proteins and lipids in neutrophils and decreased myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, lemon verbena supplementation maintained or decreased the level of serum transaminases activity indicating a protection of muscular tissue. Exercise induced a decrease of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1ß levels after 21 days measured in basal conditions, which was not inhibited by antioxidant supplementation. Therefore, moderate antioxidant supplementation with lemon verbena extract protects neutrophils against oxidative damage, decreases the signs of muscular damage in chronic running exercise without blocking the cellular adaptation to exercise.

Incorporation and interaction of grape seed extract in membranes and relation with efficacy in muscle foods.

The interaction and location of phenolic antioxidants in model membranes has been related with their effectiveness for inhibiting lipid oxidation of fish mince with the aim to identify mechanisms involved in the antioxidant effectiveness in muscle foods. For such scope, the effect of grape seed extract and its main components, catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin B(2) to be located and induce changes in phospholipid model membranes was studied by different biophysical techniques and related to their antioxidant efficiency. Grape seed extract showed the highest inhibition of oxidation in chilled minced fish muscle. Antioxidant in- vitro capacities were also studied but they did not show a clear relationship with the antioxidant efficiency found in fish muscle. The phospholipid/water partition coefficients and fluorescence quenching studies showed that procyanidin B(2) was located in a more internal location than monomeric catechin and epicatechin within the phospholipid palisade. Grape seed extract showed strongest effect compared to its main components in the increase of the lipid order at the DMPC fluid phase by fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Grape seed extract also promoted a dehydration effect in DMPC membranes at the phospholipid/water interface and resistance to solubilization by nonionic detergents in DMPC membranes. The presence of molecular linkages, probably by hydrogen bonding, is proposed between procyanidins (or some galloylated catechins) and the polar head groups of the phospholipids to account for the dehydration effect at the phospholipid/water interface and membrane-stabilizing effects. These effects may be directly related to the higher efficacy of grape seed extract to inhibit lipid oxidation in fish muscle, probably by hindering radical propagation.

Effects of verbascoside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside from lemon verbena, on phospholipid model membranes.

Phenylpropanoid glycosides are water-soluble compounds widely distributed, most of them deriving from medicinal herbs. Among them, verbascoside or acteoside has exhibited a wide biological activity, being free radical scavenging the most representative one. Moreover, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and wound healing properties have been previously described. Herein, the interaction of verbascoside with phospholipid membranes has been studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence anisotropy and dynamic light scattering. Verbascoside showed stronger affinity for negatively charged membranes composed of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) than for phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes. This compound promoted phase separation of lipid domains in PC membranes and formed a stable lipid complex with and approximate phospholipid/verbascoside ratio of 4:1. Despite its hydrophilic character, verbascoside's caffeoyl moiety was located deep into the hydrophobic core of PC membranes and was almost inaccessible to spin probes located at different depths in PG membranes. This compound affected the ionization behavior of the PG phosphate group and most likely interacted with the vesicles surface. The presence of verbascoside decreased the particle size in PG unilamellar vesicles through the increase of the phospholipid head group area. A localization of verbascoside filling the upper region of PG bilayers close to the phospholipid/water interface is proposed. These effects on membranes may help to understand the mechanism of the biological activity of verbascoside and other similar phenylpropanoid glycosides.

Role of membranes on the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of the bioactive compounds from Hypoxis rooperi corm extract.

Hypoxis rooperi corm extract ('African potato') is known for its traditional and ethnomedical uses in the treatment of a large variety of diseases. Its main bioactive compound hypoxoside (HYP) and its aglycone derivative rooperol (RO) were isolated and the interaction of these compounds with several types of model membranes was studied in order to contribute to the understanding of their molecular mechanism. The results show that RO abolishes the main transition phase and perturb the van der Waals interactions between phospholipid acyl chains in a stronger way than HYP in dimiristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) and dimiristoylphosphatidylglycerol membranes (DMPG), probably indicating that this molecule inserts into the bilayer. This effect decreases as the acyl chain length of the phospholipid increases. RO also promoted the formation of hexagonal H(II) phases at lower temperatures compared to pure DEPE. On the contrary, HYP showed a shallow interaction with phospholipids. This compound promoted the formation of gel-fluid like intermediate structures with isotropic motion in phosphatidylglycerol membranes at physiological pH, and affected the phospholipid/water interface probably through the variation of the surface charge of the phospholipid phosphate groups. Moreover, RO inhibited Staphylococcus aureus in a stronger manner than Escherichia coli and promoted a higher leakage level in E. coli, PG and PE-containing synthetic membranes. Furthermore, RO showed a significant degree of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) evidencing an approximate COX-2/COX-1 IC50 ratio of 1.9, therefore this compound may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of H. rooperi corm extract. These results may contribute to understand the molecular mechanism of the antibacterial and/or anti-inflammatory properties of the bioactive compounds deriving from the African potato corm extract.