ABSTRACT
Red yeast rice (RYR) is made by fermenting the yeast Monascus purpureus over rice. It is a source of natural red food colorants, a food garnish and a traditional medication. Results of the current study demonstrated that polar fractions of the RYR preparations contained herbal-drug interaction activity, which if left unremoved, enhanced P-glycoprotein activity and inhibited the major drug metabolizing cytochromes P450, i,e, CYP 1A2, 2C9 and 3A4. The data from Caco-2 cell absorption and animal model studies further demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic modulation effect by RYR preparations containing the polar fractions ("untreated" preparation) was greater than that from RYR preparations with the polar fractions removed ("treated" preparation). The data indicates a potential for herb-drug interactions to be present in RYR commonly sold as nutritional supplements when the polar fractions are not removed and this should be taken into consideration when RYR is consumed with medications, including verapamil.
Subject(s)
Biological Products/chemistry , Drug Interactions , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Caco-2 Cells , Chromatography, Liquid , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells, which can differentiate into any cell type. This cell type has often been implicated as an eminent source of renewable cells for tissue regeneration and cellular replacement therapies. Studies on manipulation of the various differentiation pathways have been at the forefront of research. There are many ways in which ES cells can be differentiated. One of the most common techniques is to initiate the development of embryoid bodies (EBs) by in vitro aggregation of ES cells. Thereafter, EBs can be induced to undergo differentiation into various cell lineages. In this article, we present a microfluidic platform using biocompatible materials, which is suitable for culturing EBs. The platform is based on a Y-channel device with two inlets for two different culturing media. An EB is located across both streams. Using the laminar characteristics at low Reynolds number and high Peclet numbers, we have induced cell differentiation on half of the EB while maintaining the other half in un-induced stages. The results prove the potential of using microfluidic technology for manipulation of EBs and ES cells in tissue engineering.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation , Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology , Microfluidics/instrumentation , Animals , Blotting, Western , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , MiceABSTRACT
M.EcoHK31I is a naturally occurring mC5-methyltransferase with a large alpha polypeptide and a small beta polypeptide. Polypeptide alpha contains conserved motifs I-VIII and X, and polypeptide beta contains motif IX. To understand how polypeptide alpha carries out its function, a molecular model of the large domain of polypeptide alpha was generated using M.HhaI and M.HaeIII as templates. The large domain is a mixed alpha/beta structure. Residues 15-19 in motif I (Phe-Naa-Gly-Naa) are conserved for cofactor binding. The key catalytic residue Cys-79 in motif IV is also conserved in comparison with other C-5 MTases. Comparing polypeptide alpha with M.HhaI and M.HaeIII revealed a unique region upstream of motif X. To understand the role of this region, 14 charged residues between R224 and E271 in the putative small domain were mutated. Activity assays indicated that most of these charges can be eliminated or changed conservatively. Among these charged residues, R224, E240, D245 and D251 may take part in proper interaction with DNA in the presence of polypeptide beta.
Subject(s)
DNA-Cytosine Methylases/chemistry , Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry , Methyltransferases/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Amino Acid Motifs , Amino Acid Sequence , Binding Sites , DNA-Cytosine Methylases/genetics , Escherichia coli/chemistry , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Methyltransferases/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis , Peptides/chemistry , Peptides/genetics , Protein Conformation , Sequence AlignmentABSTRACT
EcoHK31I DNA methyltransferase recognizes the sequence 5'-YGGCCR-3' and adds a methyl group to the fifth position of the internal cytosine to protect the DNA from cleavage by its cognate endonuclease. M.EcoHK31I is composed of polypeptides alpha and beta. Polypeptide beta only contains the conserved IX motif of the C5-MTase family, and provides a unique example to show that this motif alone may be dislocated to another polypeptide. By electromobility shift assay, we found that the alpha/beta complex recognizes specific oligonucleotide substrates. Polypeptide alpha formed aggregates with DNA, while polypeptide beta alone did not bind DNA. Therefore, polypeptide beta assists in the proper binding of polypeptide alpha to DNA substrate. The complex of polypeptide alpha and a polypeptide beta variant with an N-terminal deletion of 41 amino acids showed a 16-fold reduction in methylation activity. Further deletion resulted in an inactive methyltransferase. The dissociation equilibrium constant (Kd) of the alpha/beta complex was 56.4 nM, while the Kd value for the alpha/deltaN46-polypeptide beta complex was increased approximately 95-fold, caused by a drastic decrease in dissociate rate constant (kd) and an increase in the association rate constant (ka). This indicates that the N-terminal region of polypeptide beta takes part in subunit interaction, while the C-terminal region is involved in DNA binding.
