Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers.

PURPOSE: Previous studies among young pitchers have focused on the frequency and description of elbow injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of elbow and shoulder complaints in young pitchers and to identify the associations between pitch types, pitch volume, and other risk factors for these conditions. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 298 youth pitchers was conducted over two seasons. Each participant was contacted via telephone after each game pitched to identify arm complaints. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess associations between arm complaints and independent variables. RESULTS: The frequency of elbow pain was 26%; that of shoulder pain, 32%. Risk factors for elbow pain were increased age, increased weight, decreased height, lifting weights during the season, playing baseball outside the league, decreased self-satisfaction, arm fatigue during the game pitched, and throwing fewer than 300 or more than 600 pitches during the season. Risk factors for shoulder pain included decreased satisfaction, arm fatigue during the game pitched, throwing more than 75 pitches in a game, and throwing fewer than 300 pitches during the season. CONCLUSION: Arm complaints are common, with nearly half of the subjects reporting pain. The factors associated with elbow and shoulder pain were different, suggesting differing etiologies. Developmental factors may be important in both. To lower the risk of pain at both locations, young pitchers probably should not throw more than 75 pitches in a game. Other recommendations are to remove pitchers from a game if they demonstrate arm fatigue and limit pitching in nonleague games.

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Thailand: physicians' attitudes on zidovudine use, pregnancy termination, and willingness to provide care.

We administered a survey to Thai physicians, using regular mail, on their attitudes and practices regarding zidovudine (ZDV) use and pregnancy termination in HIV-infected pregnant women. We surveyed their willingness to care for these patients as well. In 1997, 79.5% of 480 respondents reported that they did not routinely use perinatal ZDV prophylaxis. Predictors of failure to use ZDV found to be significant in our logistic regression model included practice outside of Bangkok (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0), belief that ZDV is not cost effective (OR = 2.5), unfamiliarity with AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 076 results (OR = 2.5), and failure to screen for HIV routinely (OR = 4.9). Elective abortion for HIV-infected women was advocated by 45.3% of respondents. Factors associated in multivariable analysis with this preference included specialty training in obstetrics/gynecology (OR = 1.8), practice inside Bangkok (OR = 2.0), male gender (OR = 1.9), and treatment of < or =2 HIV-infected patients yearly (OR = 1.8). A significant proportion of respondents described themselves as unwilling to perform pelvic examinations (19.2%), vaginal deliveries (30.7%), or cesarean deliveries (39.5%) on women who were known to be infected with HIV. We conclude that many Thai obstetric providers are reluctant to care for HIV-infected women, do not routinely use perinatal ZDV prophylaxis, and prefer to terminate pregnancies among HIV-infected patients. Physician education concerning the value of HIV screening and antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pregnant women is needed urgently in Thailand.

Aspirin and reduced risk of esophageal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown experimentally to inhibit chemically induced esophageal cancers. An epidemiologic study of more than 600,000 adults in the United States followed for 6 years found that aspirin use was associated with a reduced risk of death from esophageal cancer. METHODS: The relation of aspirin use and esophageal cancer was examined using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) and the National Epidemiologic Follow-up Studies (NEFS). Of the 14,407 United States residents followed for 12-16 years, esophageal cancer developed in 15. Persons were classified as nonusers, occasional users, or regular users of aspirin based on their response to two questions at the baseline examination: whether they had taken aspirin in the past 30 days and whether they had used pain medications regularly during the prior 6 months. RESULTS: Occasional use was associated with a 90% decreased risk (95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.76) of developing esophageal cancer, and no person classified as a regular user developed the disease. Adjusting for cigarette smoking (ever vs. never) and alcohol intake (at least monthly vs. not) did not explain the finding. CONCLUSION: Aspirin use was associated with a 90% decreased risk of developing esophageal carcinoma. Further studies to determine whether aspirin is protective against both squamous cell esophageal carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus are indicated.