ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of sunitinib malate, a multikinase inhibitor molecule. DESIGN: Experimental, Prospective, Controlled. METHODS: Human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) and human umbilical vein endothelialcells (HUVECS) were used in a culture toxicity test and exposed to different concentrations of sunitinib malate for 18 hours. The HUVECs also were cultured to evaluate the angiogenesis inhibitory effect of sunitinib malate. Fundus photography and angiographic, electrophysiologic, and histopathologic evaluations with light and electron microscopy were performed in two groups of five rabbits each that received different intravitreal concentrations of the drug. Each rabbit received 0.1 ml of sunitinib malate in the right eye (one group with 12.5 mg/ml, the other group with 25 mg/ml); all animals received 0.1 ml of physiologic saline solution in the left eye. After sacrifice, the eyes were enucleated and fixed with modified Karnovsky solution. RESULTS: No toxicity related to sunitinib malate was observed using an in vitro model with the 12.5 and 25 mg/ml solutions in HUVEC and ARPE cell cultures. No toxicity was observed in the in vivo model with 12.5 mg/ml, but light microscopy showed that the 25 mg/ml solution damaged the photoreceptors layer. No functional changes in the electroretinogram were observed in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Sunitinib malate 12.5 mg/ml caused no toxicity in in vivo and in vitro models, but the 25 mg/ml concentration caused retinal changes suggesting toxicity in the in vivo model. Further research with the drug is needed in models of ocular neovascularization.
Subject(s)
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/toxicity , Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Indoles/toxicity , Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/drug effects , Pyrroles/toxicity , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/drug effects , Animals , Cell Count , Cell Line , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electroretinography/drug effects , Fluorescein Angiography , Humans , Intravitreal Injections , Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/ultrastructure , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Rabbits , Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects , Retinal Ganglion Cells/ultrastructure , Sunitinib , Umbilical Veins/cytologyABSTRACT
O objetivo do artigo é apresentar os dados atuais da aplicação de corantes vitais durante cirurgia vitreorretiniana, "cromovitrectomia", bem como uma revisão da literatura atual sobre o assunto no tocante às técnicas de aplicação, indicações e complicações em cromovitrectomia. Um grande número de publicações tem abordado o perfil tóxico da indocianina verde na cromovitrectomia. Dados experimentais mostram uma toxicidade dose-dependente da mesma em várias populações de células retinianas. Novas gerações de corantes incluem: azul tripan, azul patente, acetato de triancinolona, infracianina verde, fluoresceína sódica, azul de bromofenol, acetato de fluorometolona e azul brilhante. Novos instrumentos podem permitir um corar seletivo de estruturas durante a vitrectomia. Este artigo mostra que o campo da cromovitrectomia está em plena expansão de pesquisas. Os corantes de primeira linha são a indocianina verde, infracianina verde e o azul brilhante. Azul patente, azul de bromofenol e azul tripan surgem como novos adjuvantes para melhor observação da membrana epirretiniana. Demais corantes que surgiram merecem maior investigação.
The aim of this article is to present the current data with regard to the application of vital dyes during vitreoretinal surgery, "chromovitrectomy", as well as to overview the current literature regarding the properties of dyes, techniques of application, indications and complications in chromovitrectomy. A large body of published research has recently addressed the toxicity profile of indocyanine green for chromovitrectomy. Experimental data demonstrate dose-dependent toxicity of indocyanine green to various retinal cells. Newer generation vital dyes for chromovitrectomy include trypan blue, patent blue, triamcinolone acetonide, infracyanine green, sodium fluorescein, bromophenol blue, fluorometholone acetate and brilliant blue. Novel instruments may enable a selective painting of preretinal tissues during chromovitrectomy. This review suggests that the field of chromovitrectomy represents an expanding area of research. The first line agents for internal limiting membrane staining in chromovitrectomy are indocyanine green, infracyanine green, and brilliant blue. Patent blue, bromophenol blue and trypan blue arose as outstanding biostains for visualization of epiretinal membranes. Novel dyes available for chromovitrectomy deserve further investigation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Coloring Agents , Vitrectomy/methods , Coloring Agents/chemistry , Coloring Agents/classification , Coloring Agents/toxicityABSTRACT
Orbital emphysema is the abnormal presence of air in the orbit. Occurrence in the absence of orbital fracture is rare. We report a case of a 40-year-old female presenting unilateral orbital emphysema after vigorous nose blowing. She developed sudden visual loss as a result of elevated intraocular pressure and urgent treatment was required. She underwent an orbital decompression, performed using a 24-gauge needle puncture adjacent to the supraorbital notch. After treatment, she reported considerable decrease of symptoms.
Subject(s)
Emphysema/etiology , Ocular Hypertension/etiology , Orbital Diseases/etiology , Adult , Decompression , Emphysema/therapy , Female , Humans , Ocular Hypertension/therapy , Orbital Diseases/therapy , Punctures , Treatment Outcome , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
O enfisema orbitário é caracterizado pela presença anormal de ar na órbita. Sua ocorrência espontânea não é frequente e a maioria dos casos está associada à fratura de órbita. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino de 40 anos com quadro de enfisema orbitário unilateral, secundário a asseio vigoroso do nariz. A paciente evoluiu com redução aguda da acuidade visual em decorrência de elevação da pressão intraocular, sendo indicado tratamento de urgência. Foi realizada punção orbitária com agulha 24-gauge próximo à região da incisura supraorbital, com melhora imediata do quadro clínico e recuperação da acuidade visual.
Orbital emphysema is the abnormal presence of air in the orbit. Occurrence in the absence of orbital fracture is rare. We report a case of a 40-year-old female presenting unilateral orbital emphysema after vigorous nose blowing. She developed sudden visual loss as a result of elevated intraocular pressure and urgent treatment was required. She underwent an orbital decompression, performed using a 24-gauge needle puncture adjacent to the supraorbital notch. After treatment, she reported considerable decrease of symptoms.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Emphysema/etiology , Ocular Hypertension/etiology , Orbital Diseases/etiology , Decompression , Emphysema/therapy , Ocular Hypertension/therapy , Orbital Diseases/therapy , Punctures , Treatment Outcome , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
The aim of this article is to present the current data with regard to the application of vital dyes during vitreoretinal surgery, 'chromovitrectomy', as well as to overview the current literature regarding the properties of dyes, techniques of application, indications and complications in chromovitrectomy. A large body of published research has recently addressed the toxicity profile of indocyanine green for chromovitrectomy. Experimental data demonstrate dose-dependent toxicity of indocyanine green to various retinal cells. Newer generation vital dyes for chromovitrectomy include trypan blue, patent blue, triamcinolone acetonide, infracyanine green, sodium fluorescein, bromophenol blue, fluorometholone acetate and brilliant blue. Novel instruments may enable a selective painting of preretinal tissues during chromovitrectomy. This review suggests that the field of chromovitrectomy represents an expanding area of research. The first line agents for internal limiting membrane staining in chromovitrectomy are indocyanine green, infracyanine green, and brilliant blue. Patent blue, bromophenol blue and trypan blue arose as outstanding biostains for visualization of epiretinal membranes. Novel dyes available for chromovitrectomy deserve further investigation.
