ABSTRACT
Stroke is the most devastating complication of atrial fibrillation (AF), and the latter increases the risk of stroke by almost fivefold. AF elimination by catheter ablation should lower the risk of thromboembolic complications. Several studies support this hypothesis, demonstrating rates of stroke in AF patients similar to non-AF populations after successful catheter ablation. Widespread discontinuation of oral anticoagulation after catheter ablation is currently not supported by scientific data but it may be a viable option for patients with a CHA2DS2VASc score of less than 2 and a well-documented stable sinus rhythm.
Subject(s)
Atrial Fibrillation/mortality , Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Catheter Ablation/mortality , Stroke/mortality , Stroke/prevention & control , Causality , Comorbidity , Humans , Risk Assessment , Risk Reduction Behavior , Survival Rate , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Members of the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor-gp130 ligand family play a role in angiogenesis in different tissues. We tested the effect of this cytokine family on the angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie system, which is involved in blood vessel maturation, stabilization, and regression. RESULTS: Oncostatin M (OSM) increased Ang2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation. Furthermore, OSM induced Ang2 expression in macrovascular endothelial cells isolated from the human aorta and in microvascular endothelial cells isolated from human heart. Our in vivo experiments revealed that mRNA expression of Ang2 in hearts of mice injected with OSM increased significantly, and levels of OSM mRNA significantly correlated with mRNA levels of Ang2 in human hearts. In addition, OSM increased the expression of its own receptors, gp130 and OSM receptor, in endothelial cells in vitro and in mice in vivo, and levels of OSM mRNA significantly correlated with mRNA levels of gp130 and OSM receptor in human hearts. CONCLUSION: Our data, showing the effects of OSM on the Ang-Tie system in endothelial cells, in hearts of mice, and in human heart tissue, provide yet another link between inflammation and angiogenesis.
Subject(s)
Angiopoietin-2/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Oncostatin M/metabolism , Angiopoietin-2/genetics , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Coronary Vessels/immunology , Coronary Vessels/metabolism , Cytokine Receptor gp130/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/immunology , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/administration & dosage , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Janus Kinases/metabolism , Ligands , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Oncostatin M/administration & dosage , Oncostatin M Receptor beta Subunit/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Time Factors , Tissue Culture Techniques , Umbilical Veins/immunology , Umbilical Veins/metabolism , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a CXC chemokine important in the homing process of stem cells to injured tissue. It has been implicated in healing and tissue repair. Growing evidence suggests that the glycoprotein-130 (gp130) ligand family is involved in repair processes in the heart. The aim of our study was to determine whether gp130 ligands could affect SDF-1 expression in cardiac cells. Human adult cardiac myocytes (HACMs) and fibroblasts (HACFs) were treated with gp130 ligands. Protein and mRNA levels of SDF-1 were determined using ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. mRNA levels of SDF-1 were determined in human and mouse heart samples by RT-PCR. HACMs and HACFs constitutively express SDF-1, which was significantly up-regulated by the gp130 ligand oncostatin M (OSM). This effect was counteracted by a p38 inhibitor and to a lesser extent by a PI3K inhibitor. mRNA expression of SDF-1 in hearts of mice injected with OSM increased significantly. Levels of OSM and SDF-1 mRNA correlated significantly in human failing hearts. Our data, showing that OSM induces SDF-1 protein secretion in human cardiac cells in vitro and murine hearts in vivo, suggest that OSM via the induction of SDF-1 might play a key role in repair and tissue regeneration.
Subject(s)
Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism , Oncostatin M/metabolism , Adult , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Chemokine CCL1/genetics , Chemokine CCL1/metabolism , Chemokine CCL5/genetics , Chemokine CCL5/metabolism , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Humans , Ligands , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Oncostatin M/administration & dosage , Oncostatin M/genetics , Time Factors , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: It is believed that adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ by producing inflammatory mediators and thereby contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk seen in obesity. A link between adipose tissue mass and angiogenesis has been suggested. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) seems to be implicated in this process. Members of the glycoprotein (gp)130 ligand family regulate VEGF expression in other cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used tissue explants as well as primary cultures of preadipocytes and adipocytes from human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue to investigate whether the gp130 ligands oncostatin M (OSM), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) regulate VEGF expression in human adipose tissue. Human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue responded to treatment with IL-6 and OSM with a significant increase in VEGF production. Human preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Adipocyte-differentiation was induced by hormone-supplementation. All cell types responded to IL-6 and OSM with a robust increase in VEGF protein production and a similar increase in VEGF-specific mRNA. Furthermore, IL-1beta synergistically enhanced the effect of OSM on VEGF production. AG-490, a JAK/STAT inhibitor, abolished the OSM-dependent VEGF induction almost completely. In mice, IL-6 and OSM increased serum levels of VEGF and VEGF mRNA and vessel density in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: We speculate that the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and OSM might support angiogenesis during adipose tissue growth by upregulating VEGF.
Subject(s)
Adipocytes/metabolism , Cytokine Receptor gp130/metabolism , Interleukin-6/pharmacology , Oncostatin M/pharmacology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors/drug effects , Adipocytes/drug effects , Animals , Antigens, CD34/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Mice , Models, Animal , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Sensitivity and Specificity , Up-Regulation , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
Increasing evidence points to the role of oxidized phospholipids as modulators of inflammatory processes. These modified phospholipids are derived from lipoproteins or cellular membranes and accumulate at sites of inflammation such as atherosclerotic lesions. It has been shown that oxidized phospholipids influence a variety of cellular functions such as chemokine production and expression of adhesion molecules. Furthermore, recent reports indicate that oxidized phospholipids act as ligands for pattern-recognition receptors which detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns during innate immune defense. Thus, the diversity of individual phospholipid oxidation products reflects the many aspects of the inflammatory process they influence. In this review, we focus on structural features used to classify different oxidized phospholipids and how they relate to specific biological responses. As the chemical identification of oxidized phospholipid products proceeds, distinctive structural motifs emerge that can help us to understand the mechanism of action of these unique compounds and how to intervene for therapeutic purposes.
