ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In the pediatric population, infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are associated with significant morbidity and hospital costs. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic, widely used for the treatment of serious infections by Gram-positive microorganisms, especially MRSA. It is recommended to keep the serum level of vancomycin between 10 and 20 mg/L, that correlates with AUC/MIC > 400 in adults. This pharmacodynamic target is extrapolated to pediatric patients despite the lack of similar evidence. However, recent studies suggest that serum levels between 7 and 10 mg/L are predictive of reaching the pharmacodynamic target in this population. In spite of widespread use, ideal information about dosage for the pediatric population remains limited. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit during the period between January 01, 2008 to December 31, 2014. We investigated variables such as age, positive fluid balance and use of vasoactive drugs on the ability of these patients to achieve the proposed recommended serum level target and the vancomycin serum levels. RESULTS: Our study showed that only 26% of children reached the 10-20 mg/L serum level whereas the 7-20 mg/L serum level was reached by 51% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no evidence of a significant association between the inadequacy of serum level and age. The positive fluid balance also had no influence on the vancomycin serum level but patients using vasoactive drugs had a greater serum level adequacy than patients not using vasoactive drugs.
Subject(s)
Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Vancomycin/blood , Adolescent , Area Under Curve , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Interactions , Female , Goals , Humans , Infant , Male , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Retrospective Studies , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Tertiary Care Centers , Vancomycin/pharmacokinetics , Vancomycin/therapeutic use , Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacokinetics , Water-Electrolyte BalanceABSTRACT
Foi feita uma revisão sobre o uso racional de antimicrobianos em ambiente hospitalar, pois este é um dos principais desafios encontrados na terapia de infecções em ambiente hospitalar. Foram abordados os principais fatores que nos levam ao atual panorama global em relação à resistência antimicrobiana, bem como as principais estratégias para o uso racional dos antimicrobianos, de modo a garantir melhor terapêutica e menor incidência de resistência aos antimicrobianos. A racionalização de antimicrobianos é um componente-chave de uma abordagem multifacetada para a prevenção de resistência antimicrobiana. A boa gestão de antimicrobianos envolve a seleção do medicamento apropriado, otimizando sempre a dose e a duração do tratamento, utilizando bem os parâmetros de farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética, minimizando a toxicidade e as condições para a seleção de cepas bacterianas resistentes e garantindo, assim, sucesso terapêutico. Com o uso racional de antimicrobianos, podemos obter um melhor desempenho no tratamento de doenças infecciosas. Nesta revisão foi demonstrada a existência de várias estratégias de racionalização de antimicrobianos. Portanto, cabe a cada instituição estudar e analisar quais métodos devem ser implantados. Também é de fundamental importância que o prescritor analise as opções terapêuticas disponíveis e busque a individualização do tratamento, sempre visando à otimização terapêutica.(AU)
A review on antimicrobial stewardship was performed, because this is one of the leading challenges found in infectious diseases therapy in hospital settings. The major factors leading to the current global picture regarding antimicrobial resistance, and the main strategies for antimicrobial stewardship, to ensure the best treatment and lower incidence of antimicrobial resistance were discussed. Antimicrobial stewardship is a multifaceted approach considered a key component in the prevention of antimicrobial resistance. The best antimicrobial stewardship program involves selecting the appropriate medication, always optimizing its dose and duration of treatment using pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics parameters, minimizing toxicity and the conditions for selecting resistant bacterial strains, and ensuring treatment success. The rational use of antimicrobials can lead to more success in the treatment of infectious diseases. This review shows several strategies for antimicrobial stewardship. Therefore, it is up to each institution to study and analyze which method should be implemented. It is also crucial that the prescriber reviews the therapeutic options available to seek individualization of treatment, always aiming at therapy optimization.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Cross Infection , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Drug Utilization/trendsABSTRACT
Foram revisados os parâmetros ou índices farmacocinéticos e farmacodinâmicos, com o objetivo de enfatizar sua importância como ferramenta de otimização da terapia antimicrobiana na prática médica. Destacam-se a ligação proteica, o clearance e o volume de distribuição da droga como parâmetros farmacocinéticos fundamentais, que podem ser alterados pelas características dos pacientes e da infecção. Foram apresentados ainda os parâmetros farmacodinâmicos (concentração máxima/concentração inibitória mínima, tempo > concentração inibitória mínima e área sob a curva/concentração inibitória mínima), que representam a relação dose-resposta e são determinantes para a eficácia terapêutica das drogas anti-infecciosas, considerando a dinâmica bactericida/bacteriostática dos diferentes grupos farmacológicos. Discutiu-se ainda o modelo matemático preditor de resultados prováveis para desfechos de tratamentos, como o método de Monte Carlo. Para finalizar, os índices farmacocinéticos e farmacodinâmicos foram apontados como estratégia de racionalização de antimicrobianos e redução da resistência bacteriana.(AU)
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were reviewed with the objective to emphasise their importance as tools for optimizing antimicrobial therapies in medical practice. The protein binding, clearance and drug distribution volume are highlighted as fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters that can be altered according to the characteristics of the patient or infection. We present the pharmacodynamic parameters (maximum concentration/minimal inhibitory concentration, time > minimal inhibitory concentration, and area under the curve/minimal inhibitory concentration) that represent the dose-response ratio and are determinants for the therapeutic efficacy of the antimicrobial drugs, considering the bactericidal/ bacteriostatic dynamics of the different pharmacological groups. We also commented on the predictive mathematical model for probable results for treatment outcomes, such as Monte Carlo method. Finally, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics indexes were shown as a strategy for antimicrobial rationalization and reduction of bacterial resistance.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , PrescriptionsABSTRACT
PURPOSE:: To analyze epidemiological and microbiological aspects of microbial keratitis in children and adolescents. METHODS:: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, between July 15, 1975, and December 31, 2010. We analyzed corneal samples from 859 patients with clinical suspicion of infectious keratitis, comparing epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of bacterial keratitis with those of non-bacterial and non-viral keratitis. We also compared Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens in patients with bacterial keratitis. We created a susceptibility profile of the bacterial microorganisms studied. RESULTS:: Of the 859 patients, 346 (40.3%) showed positive culture results for non-viral microorganisms. Teenagers (13-18 years) made up the group with the highest number of patients with keratitis (164, 47.4%). The most frequent risk factors for keratitis were trauma (33.5%) and previous ocular surgery (24.9%). Gram-positive bacteria (71.8%) were the most often isolated, with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (23.8%) the most prevalent microorganism. Logistic regression analysis showed age (p=0.002), topical antimicrobial drug use (p=0.01), and trauma due to non-chemical burns (p=0.005) were risk factors for non-bacterial keratitis. Age (p=0.01) was also a risk factor for Gram-negative bacterial keratitis. CONCLUSION:: Our study showed that in the age range studied, the prevalence of keratitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria or by the non-viral microorganisms evaluated increases with age. Previous use of topical antimicrobial drug and trauma due to non-chemical burns are associated with non-bacterial keratitis. Knowledge of the risk factors and the microorganisms involved may help improve treatment of keratitis in children and adolescents and minimize visual impairment.
Subject(s)
Cornea/microbiology , Keratitis/epidemiology , Keratitis/microbiology , Acanthamoeba/isolation & purification , Adolescent , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Eye Infections, Bacterial/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Bacterial/microbiology , Female , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Prevalence , Reference Values , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze epidemiological and microbiological aspects of microbial keratitis in children and adolescents. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, between July 15, 1975, and December 31, 2010. We analyzed corneal samples from 859 patients with clinical suspicion of infectious keratitis, comparing epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of bacterial keratitis with those of non-bacterial and non-viral keratitis. We also compared Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens in patients with bacterial keratitis. We created a susceptibility profile of the bacterial microorganisms studied. Results: Of the 859 patients, 346 (40.3%) showed positive culture results for non-viral microorganisms. Teenagers (13-18 years) made up the group with the highest number of patients with keratitis (164, 47.4%). The most frequent risk factors for keratitis were trauma (33.5%) and previous ocular surgery (24.9%). Gram-positive bacteria (71.8%) were the most often isolated, with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (23.8%) the most prevalent microorganism. Logistic regression analysis showed age (p=0.002), topical antimicrobial drug use (p=0.01), and trauma due to non-chemical burns (p=0.005) were risk factors for non-bacterial keratitis. Age (p=0.01) was also a risk factor for Gram-negative bacterial keratitis. Conclusion: Our study showed that in the age range studied, the prevalence of keratitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria or by the non-viral microorganisms evaluated increases with age. Previous use of topical antimicrobial drug and trauma due to non-chemical burns are associated with non-bacterial keratitis. Knowledge of the risk factors and the microorganisms involved may help improve treatment of keratitis in children and adolescents and minimize visual impairment.
RESUMO Objetivos: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e microbiológico de ceratite microbiana em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo tipo coorte, utilizando fichas laboratoriais de pacientes, atendidos no Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, entre 15 de julho de 1975 a 31 de dezembro de 2010. Foram comparados pacientes com ceratite bacteriana e não bacteriana (não viral). Entre os pacientes com ceratite bacteriana, foram comparados aqueles em que a ceratite foi causada por bactérias Gram positivas e Gram negativas. O perfil de sensibilidade dos microrganismos bacterianos aos antimicrobianos também foi estudado. Resultados: Foram analisadas amostras corneanas de 859 pacientes com suspeita clínica de ceratite infecciosa, na faixa etária estudada. Destes, 346 (40,3%) apresentaram resultados de culturas positivas para microrganismos não virais. Adolescentes (13 a 18 anos) compuseram o grupo com maior número de pacientes com ceratite (164-47,4%). Os principais fatores de risco foram trauma (33,5%) e cirurgias oculares prévias (24,9%). Bactérias Gram positivas foram isoladas com maior frequência (71,8%), sendo prevalente o patógeno Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (23,8%). De acordo com a análise de regressão logística, idade (p=0,002), uso tópico de drogas antimicrobianas (p=0,01) e trauma por queimadura não química (p=0,005) foram fatores predisponentes para ceratite não bacteriana. Idade (p=0,01) também foi fator de risco para ceratite causada por bactérias Gram negativas. Conclusões: Nosso estudo mostrou que quanto maior a idade, na faixa etária estudada, maior a probabilidade da ceratite ser causada por bactérias Gram negativas e/ou por outros microrganismos não virais avaliados. O uso tópico de drogas antimicrobianas prévias e trauma devido à queimadura não química predispõe à ceratite não bacteriana. O conhecimento dos fatores de risco e dos microrganismos envolvidos resultarão em tratamento específico da ceratite em crianças e adolescentes, com menores danos visuais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Cornea/microbiology , Keratitis/microbiology , Keratitis/epidemiology , Reference Values , Brazil/epidemiology , Acanthamoeba/isolation & purification , Eye Infections, Bacterial/microbiology , Eye Infections, Bacterial/epidemiology , Prevalence , Multivariate Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Justificativa e Objetivo: Infecções de corrente sanguínea causadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa apresentam significantes taxas de morbidade, mortalidade e custos hospitalares. A terapia empírica adequada impacta significativamente na mortalidade, porém, a escolha do antibiótico empírico apropriado contra uma infecção causada por P. aeruginosa é um desafio para os clínicos devido a resistência à diversos antimicrobianos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a adequação da terapia antimicrobiana empírica e correlacioná-la com a mortalidade em 30 dias. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo coorte retrospectivo com pacientes que apresentaram infecção de corrente sanguínea por P. aeruginosa no período de Janeiro a Dezembro de 2011. Foram analisadas variáveis epidemiológicas e clínicas destes pacientes correlacionando-as com a mortalidade em 30 dias. Resultados: Vinte e nove pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A média de idade dos pacientes que tiveram óbito foi de 66 anos e dos sobreviventes foi de 72 anos (p=0,37). Foi detectada uma elevada mortalidade hospitalar (21 de 29 pacientes, 72,4%) entre os pacientes com infecção de corrente sanguínea por P. aeruginosa. Meropenem isoladamente foi o antimicrobiano mais utilizado (34,5%). Houve inadequação na terapia empírica em oito pacientes (27,5%). Em relação às variáveis analisadas, nenhuma teve correlação estatisticamente significante com a mortalidade em 30 dias. Conclusão Nosso estudo encontrou uma elevada taxa de mortalidade entre paciente com bacteremia por P. aeruginosa. Nenhuma variável foi preditora de mortalidade em 30 dias. Estudos com uma maior casuística são necessários para um melhor entendimento das variáveis relacionadas à mortalidade entre estes pacientes
Background and Purpose: Bloodstream infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents significant morbidity, mortality and hospital costs. Appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy significantly impacts on mortality however the choice of adequate antibiotic therapy is a challenge for clinicians due to bacterial resistance. This study aimed to analyze the adequacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy among patients with BSI caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to correlate it with the 30-day mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with bloodstream infections caused by P. aeruginosa from January 1st, 2011 to December 31, 2011. We analyzed demographic and clinical variables of those patients correlating them with the 30-day mortality. Results: Twenty-nine patients were included in the study. The average age of patients who died and survived was 66 years and 72 years, respectively (p=0.37). A high hospital mortality rate (21 of 29 patients, 72.4%) was detected. Meropenem was the most used antibiotic during the study period (34.5%). There was inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy in eight patients (27.5%). No statistically significant difference was observed with regard to 30-day mortality among the variables analyzed. Conclusion: Our study found a high mortality rate among patients with BSI caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No variable was found to be predictor of 30-day mortality in this cohort of patients. Further studies with larger samples are needed for a better understanding of variables related to mortality among these patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas Infections , Cross Infection , Bacteremia/mortality , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous ß-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital. METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010. RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of ß-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii. CONCLUSIONS: These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose ß-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , beta-Lactams/administration & dosage , Administration, Intravenous , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Brazil , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Monte Carlo Method , Time Factors , beta-Lactams/pharmacokinetics , beta-Lactams/pharmacologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital.METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010.RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of β-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii.CONCLUSIONS:These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose β-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , beta-Lactams/administration & dosage , Administration, Intravenous , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Brazil , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Hospitals, Teaching , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Monte Carlo Method , Time Factors , beta-Lactams/pharmacokinetics , beta-Lactams/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms continue to increase, and therapeutic options remain scarce. Given this challenge, it has become necessary to use older antimicrobials for treatment of these pathogens. We report three patients with lower urinary tract infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae who were successfully treated with a seven-day course of oral fosfomycin monotherapy.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Fosfomycin/therapeutic use , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Female , Humans , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment Outcome , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , beta-Lactamases/metabolismABSTRACT
Infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms continue to increase, and therapeutic options remain scarce. Given this challenge, it has become necessary to use older antimicrobials for treatment of these pathogens. We report three patients with lower urinary tract infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae who were successfully treated with a seven-day course of oral fosfomycin monotherapy.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Fosfomycin/therapeutic use , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Treatment Outcome , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , beta-LactamasesABSTRACT
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a high risk for exposure to pathogens in the workplace. The objective of this study was to evaluate HCW adherence to follow-up after occupational exposure to blood and body fluids at a tertiary care university hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected from 2102 occupational exposures to blood and body fluids reports, obtained from the Infection Control Division of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina/Hospital São Paulo, in São Paulo, Brazil, occurring between January of 2005 and December of 2011. To evaluate adherence to post-exposure follow-up among the affected HCWs, we took into consideration follow-up visits for serological testing. For HCWs exposed to materials from source patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as from source patients of unknown serological status, follow-up serological testing was scheduled for 3 and 6 months after the accident. For those exposed to materials from source patients co-infected with HIV and HCV, follow-up evaluations were scheduled for 3, 6, and 12 months after the accident. During the study period, there were 2056 accidental exposures for which data regarding the serology of the source patient were available. Follow-up evaluation of the affected HCW was recommended in 612 (29.8%) of those incidents. After the implementation of a post-exposure protocol involving telephone calls and official letters mailed to the affected HCW, adherence to follow-up increased significantly, from 30.5 to 54.0% (P = 0.028). Adherence was correlated positively with being female (P = 0.009), with the source of the exposure being known (P = 0.026), with the source patient being HIV positive (P = 0.029), and with the HCW having no history of such accidents (P = 0.047). Adherence to the recommended serological testing was better at the evaluation scheduled for 3 months after the exposure (the initial evaluation) than at those scheduled for 6 and 12 months after the exposure (P = 0.004). During the study period, there was one confirmed case of HCW seroconversion to HCV positivity. The establishment of a protocol that involves the immediate supervisor of the affected HCWs, in the formal summoning of those HCWs is necessary in order to increase the rate of adherence to post-exposure follow-up.
Subject(s)
Blood-Borne Pathogens , Body Fluids , Guideline Adherence , Health Personnel , Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control , Occupational Exposure , Brazil , Female , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/prevention & control , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Infection Control , MaleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate a different methodology for addressing the evolution of nosocomial bacteremia by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a hospital setting. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, data were collected from the date of first registration up to December 2008 from the electronic medical records of patients with VRE bacteremia in a school hospital. RESULTS: Thirty cases of VRE bacteremia and 274 cases of vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (VSE) bacteremia were identified. The average age of the patients was 56 years. The rates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in the hospital's intensive care unit (ICU) and wards showed no statistically significant differences. The risk of acquiring VRE bacteremia was at least 3-fold higher in the ICU than in the wards. The risk of death was 2.73-fold higher in patients with VRE bacteremia compared with those with VSE bacteremia. Only one temporal cluster statistically significant of VRE bacteremia was found in the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of temporal clusters can be an important tool to optimize health actions and thereby reduce the burden of operating costs.
Subject(s)
Bacteremia/epidemiology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Enterococcus faecium/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Vancomycin Resistance , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Bacteremia/microbiology , Bacteremia/mortality , Child , Child, Preschool , Cluster Analysis , Cohort Studies , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/mortality , Enterococcus faecalis/isolation & purification , Enterococcus faecium/isolation & purification , Female , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/mortality , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Survival Analysis , Young AdultABSTRACT
Candida species are an important cause of bloodstream infections (BSI). To evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological aspects of two cohorts {1994-1999 [period 1 (P1) ]; 2000-2004 [period 2 (P2) ]} of candidaemic patients, we performed a retrospective analysis from a laboratory-based survey. A total of 388 candidaemias were identified, with an incidence of 0.20/1,000 patient-days and a significant increase in P2 vs. P1 (0.25 vs. 0.15, p = 0.04). Cancer and prior antibiotic use were frequent and Candida albicans was the most prevalent species found (42.4%). Resistance to fluconazole was found in 2.47% of the strains. No differences were observed in the species distribution of Candida during the study periods. In the P2 cohort, there were higher prevalence of elderly individuals, cardiac, pulmonary and liver diseases, renal failure, central venous catheters and antibiotic therapy. In P1, there were higher prevalence of neurological diseases and chemotherapy. The crude mortality was 55.4%. In conclusion, our incidence rates remained high. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of Candida species and the fluconazole resistance profile remained unchanged. Moreover, we found a clear trend of higher prevalence of candidaemia among the elderly and among patients with comorbidities. Finally, it is necessary to discuss strategies for the prevention and control of Candida BSI in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Candidemia/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Candidemia/microbiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
Candida species are an important cause of bloodstream infections (BSI). To evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological aspects of two cohorts {1994-1999 [period 1 (P1) ]; 2000-2004 [period 2 (P2) ]} of candidaemic patients, we performed a retrospective analysis from a laboratory-based survey. A total of 388 candidaemias were identified, with an incidence of 0.20/1,000 patient-days and a significant increase in P2 vs. P1 (0.25 vs. 0.15, p = 0.04). Cancer and prior antibiotic use were frequent and Candida albicans was the most prevalent species found (42.4%). Resistance to fluconazole was found in 2.47% of the strains. No differences were observed in the species distribution of Candida during the study periods. In the P2 cohort, there were higher prevalence of elderly individuals, cardiac, pulmonary and liver diseases, renal failure, central venous catheters and antibiotic therapy. In P1, there were higher prevalence of neurological diseases and chemotherapy. The crude mortality was 55.4%. In conclusion, our incidence rates remained high. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of Candida species and the fluconazole resistance profile remained unchanged. Moreover, we found a clear trend of higher prevalence of candidaemia among the elderly and among patients with comorbidities. Finally, it is necessary to discuss strategies for the prevention and control of Candida BSI in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Candidemia/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Candidemia/microbiology , Incidence , Retrospective Studies , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Enterobacteriaceae strains are a leading cause of bloodstream infections (BSI). The aim of this study is to assess differences in clinical outcomes of patients with BSI caused by Enterobacteriaceae strains before and after introduction of an automated microbiologic system by the microbiology laboratory. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the impact of the introduction of an automated microbiologic system (Phoenix(tm) automated microbiology system, Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) - Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD, USA) on the outcomes of BSIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae strains. The study was undertaken at Hospital São Paulo, a 750-bed teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Patients with BSI caused by Enterobacteriaceae strains before the introduction of the automated system were compared with patients with BSI caused by the same pathogens after the introduction of the automated system with regard to treatment adequacy, clinical cure/improvement and 14- and 28-day mortality rates. RESULTS: We evaluated 90 and 106 patients in the non-automated and automated testing periods, respectively. The most prevalent species in both periods were Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. Clinical cure/improvement occurred in 70% and 67.9% in non-automated and automated period, respectively (p = 0.75). 14-day mortality rates were 22.2% and 30% (p = 0.94) and 28-day mortality rates were 24.5% and 40.5% (p = 0.12). There were no significant differences between the two testing periods with regard to treatment adequacy, clinical cure/improvement and 14- and 28-day mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of the BD Phoenix(tm) automated microbiology system did not impact the clinical outcomes of BSIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae strains in our setting.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteremia/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Cohort Studies , Enterobacteriaceae/classification , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs is responsible for therapeutic failures, increased mortality rates, and the emergence of resistance. Antimicrobial activity is determined by intrinsic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics concepts. In critically ill patients, an inappropriate dosing regimen can be caused by the inability of an antimicrobial drug to reach adequate concentrations at the infection site owing to alterations in the drug's pharmacokinetics caused by pathophysiological changes. Understanding these concepts and changes in PK-PD parameters that occur in intensive care unit patients is crucial for the optimization of antimicrobial therapy in these patients.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Critical Illness , Humans , Sepsis/blood , Sepsis/drug therapySubject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteremia/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Cohort Studies , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae/classification , Retrospective StudiesSubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Bacteremia/mortality , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/mortality , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Bacteremia/microbiology , Cohort Studies , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Bacteremia/mortality , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/mortality , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Bacteremia/microbiology , Cohort Studies , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , Time FactorsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and exhibits high rates of resistance to several antimicrobial drugs. The carbapenens are usually the drugs of choice against this microorganism. However, the carbapenem resistance has increased among these strains worldwide. The presence of metallo-ß-lactamases (MBL) has been pointed out as a major mechanism of resistance among these strains. No previous study addressed outcomes of respiratory infections caused by these strains. METHODS: Our group sought to analyze the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of patients with VAP caused by imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. A total of 29 clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened for metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL) genes. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical variables were similar between the SPM-1-producing and non-SPM-1-producing group. Five (17.2%) isolates were positive for blaSPM-1. No other MBL gene was found. All patients were treated with polymyxin B. The infection-related mortality was 40% and 54.2% for SPM-1-producing and -non-producing isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in epidemiological and clinical outcomes between the two groups.
