Oral gavage of capsaicin causes TRPV1-dependent acute hypothermia and TRPV1-independent long-lasting increase of locomotor activity in the mouse.

Capsaicin (CAP), the pungent ingredient of hot red pepper, is a selective ligand for the heat-sensitive transient receptor potential V1 cation channel 1 (TRPV1). Although CAP has been traditionally used as the ingredient of spices for various foods in the world, the effect of oral intake of CAP on thermoregulation and locomotor activity, and CAP-induced activation of brain neural circuits are not well understood. In this study, therefore, we examined the effects of oral gavage of CAP on core body and tail surface temperature, locomotor activity, and Fos expression in thermoregulation- and sensory information-associated hypothalamic and medullary brain regions using freely moving mice. Oral gavage of CAP acutely decreased core body temperature and alternatively increased tail surface temperature of wild type (WT) mice, whereas such acute temperature changes were not observed in TRPV1 knockout (KO) animals. Moreover, a long-lasting increase of locomotor activity was observed in both WT and TRPV1 KO mice after oral gavage of CAP, but increase in core body temperature was seen only in TRPV1 KO animals. Oral gavage of CAP induced neuronal Fos expression in the circumventricular organs, median and medial preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract, whereas neuronal Fos expression was scarcely observed in TRPV1 KO mice. Thus, the present study demonstrates in the mice that oral intake of CAP causes TRPV1-dependent acute hypothermia and TRPV1-independent long-lasting increase of locomotor activity, and moreover activates the brain circuits controlling thermoregulation and metabolism.

Structural Reconstruction of the Perivascular Space in the Adult Mouse Neurohypophysis During an Osmotic Stimulation.

Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptides in the neurohypophysis (NH) control lactation and body fluid homeostasis, respectively. Hypothalamic neurosecretory neurones project their axons from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the NH to make contact with the vascular surface and release OXT and AVP. The neurohypophysial vascular structure is unique because it has a wide perivascular space between the inner and outer basement membranes. However, the significance of this unique vascular structure remains unclear; therefore, we aimed to determine the functional significance of the perivascular space and its activity-dependent changes during salt loading in adult mice. The results obtained revealed that pericytes were the main resident cells and defined the profile of the perivascular space. Moreover, pericytes sometimes extended their cellular processes or 'perivascular protrusions' into neurohypophysial parenchyma between axonal terminals. The vascular permeability of low-molecular-weight (LMW) molecules was higher at perivascular protrusions than at the smooth vascular surface. Axonal terminals containing OXT and AVP were more likely to localise at perivascular protrusions than at the smooth vascular surface. Chronic salt loading with 2% NaCl significantly induced prominent changes in the shape of pericytes and also increased the number of perivascular protrusions and the surface area of the perivascular space together with elevations in the vascular permeability of LMW molecules. Collectively, these results indicate that the perivascular space of the NH acts as the main diffusion route for OXT and AVP and, in addition, changes in the shape of pericytes and perivascular reconstruction occur in response to an increased demand for neuropeptide release.