Water purification plantations for oil and gas industries in Iran.

Water treatment for human uses is a vital asset to economic development. This article focuses on a combination of physical, biological, and chemical processes. Methods of water treatment require concrete or steel base structures, rendering them heavy, costly, and time-consuming to establish. Water treatment systems should be economically viable and practicable in design for developing societies; hence, structural builds should be simplified. Novel structures, a series of polyethylene cyclonic ponds for water treatment, were built and tested. Tanks were equipped with a settled material central outlet, water side outlet, and a pump shower system that enabled sludge removal without mechanical intervention. A freely flowing vortex was produced, aerated, given a biological treatment, and finally mixed with a chemical treatment step. Test establishment of the batch system enabled improvement in water quality, with removal performance as follows: TSS (total suspended solids) = 98%, UV254 absorbance = 50%, DOC (dissolved organic carbon) = 56%, and turbidity=95%. The batch system builds of the current study required short construction time and were economically priced. Cyclonic ponds are suited to diverse usage. The value may be felt in the improvement of water quality for human consumption, utility, and ecosystem services to counter the extensive pollution caused by oil and gas extraction and other industries.

Harmonics, evolutionary generators, DANCE, and HEAR-functional dimensions.

Evolution of the major kingdoms of life has spanned over the last 4 billion years on Earth. Studies of the process comprise different fields of study with alternative perspectives. This paper focuses on mathematic unification of the subject area; enriching an engineering based structure to advance our understanding of pathways which lead to distinct constructs in life, furthering geographic bordering processes with biological context. Application of logistic regression requires partitioning of variance within cellular and molecular systems; use of higher mathematic technique (multi-objective genetic algorithm) generates variance within the different scales of evolution, the result of which is analogous with the Fisher equation model of gene distribution within populations. Laboratory and field studies were integrated to illustrate emergence in evolutionary processes in the terrestrial/soil environment. Nematological field and laboratory trials validate the existence of triangular relationships within biological communities; further harmonic constants between interacting species may be found with emergent consequence. We distinguish different strategical groupings in the soil community, with the core groupings recognized with Meloidogyne spp. illustrating positive (emergent) growth; Radopholus similis (neutral growth), and Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (negative growth). The patterns of emergent systems are shown in the extremes of Morocco's dynamic soil environment. Fuzzy classification methods: Mamdani, Takugi-Sugeno-Kang; additional novel DANCE (Differential Algorithmic Network Centered Emergence) and functional expressions HEAR (Harmonic Evolutionary Algorithmic Resilience), are recommended to give a basis for development of constructs covering different categories of life.

Phytoparasitic nematodes of organic vegetables in the Argan Biosphere of Souss-Massa (Southern Morocco).

Agroecological productivity of the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve of Morocco is limited by the wide spread and dynamics of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). Ecological studies of nematode communities are required to develop effective biological management of these bioagressors as conventional control methods of PPN are inadequate and have persistent harmful effects. Fifty-nine organic vegetable soils in Souss-Massa were nematologically sampled, and assessment of taxonomic proliferation was made in relation to host species, geographical origin, and climatic and microclimatic factors. Twenty-four nematode genera were identified as obligate and facultative plant feeders. Taxonomic diversity increased from Chtouka to Taroudant and Tiznit provinces. Soil texture, organic matter, pH, nitrogen, zinc, magnesium, copper, altitude, and humidity and temperature were seen to effect driving roles in the abundance, distribution, and community structures of nematodes. The most prevalent taxa posing a high risk to organic agriculture of Souss Massa were needle nematodes (Longidorus spp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Edaphic and climatic variables effected nematode populations greatly. A combination of biological treatments and appropriate agroecological practices restricting important economic PPN growth and enhancing soil quality are required to achieve sustainable management in the area.

Vertical phytoremediation of wastewater using Vetiveria zizanioides L.

In many areas, wastewater feeds water bodies, which leads to it being non-usable for agricultural and other uses. Phytoremediation is a scientific approach which cleans contaminated waters, demanding large areas for application. Vertical agriculture is a new method to compact plant cultures. This study investigates vertical wastewater phytoremediation (VWP). Twenty vetiver grasses were planted in a hydroponic vertical agriculture system. Wastewater flowed into the system in four different flow rates, 60, 80, 100, and 160 l day-1 and water purity was assessed in order to measure the remediation ability of the VWP. Results showed a reduction in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 and NO3- concentrations and an increase of electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the outlet. Maximum and minimum (BOD5) reduction percentage (78.47% and 67.36%) and NO3- removal percentage (90.53% and 36.41%) occurred in flow rates 60 and 160 l day-1, respectively. With the increase of wastewater flow rate, phytoremediation performance decreased, but the performance of VWP with vetiver grass was efficient enough to enable wastewater remediation. Scaling up VWP with Vetiver and related competitive plant species holds promise for wastewater remediation for both human and ecosystem services.