[Prevalence of hypodontia at the department of pedodontics and orthodontics of Semmelweis University]. / A hypodontia elofordulási gyakorisága a Semmelweis Egyetem Gyermekfogászati és Fogszabályozási klinikaján.

Examination of hypodontia as one of the most frequent developmental disorder receives high importance in the national as well as in the international literature. As the disorder can affect the dental and mental development of the children therefore early diagnosis and treatment are necessary. The authors analyzed the OP radiograms of patients aged 6 to 18 who were registered between 2006 and 2011 at the Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics of Semmelweis University, excluding children suffering from general diseases or other syndromes. The aim of the examination was to determine the occurrence of missing teeth germ cases in the registered database of the Department, diagnose the prevalence of aplasia and compare the results with the national and international literature. Out of the 900 patients (372 boys and 528 girls) included in the examination missing germs were diagnosed in 94 cases (10,44%). In most cases the germ of the lower second premolars was missing (34,64%), then came the upper lateral incisors (27,38%) and the aplasia of the upper second premolars (21,23%). There was no relevant difference between the two sides. The number of affected girls was higher by 25% than the number of boys. Most of the results are close to the result in international literature.

[New guidelines on the prevention of infective endocarditis. Special aspects for dentists]. / Az infektív endocarditis megelozésének uj irányelvei es fogászati-szájsebészeti vonatkozásai.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease with serious, even fatal complications, often requiring long-term and expensive treatment. Therefore, prophylaxis has emerging importance. Previous guidelines suggested the use of prophylactic treatment for a wide range of patients and procedures. The Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology accepted a new guideline on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis in 2009. One of its major point is a radical decrease in the type of procedures requiring prophylaxis. These changes also affect dental and oral surgical procedures. It is important for dentists and oral surgeons to come to know the changes and to apply them in their everyday practice.

[Changing approaches to traumatic injuries to primary and permanent teeth based on the reports published in 'Fogorvosi Szemle' in the past 100 years]. / A tej- és maradó fogak baleseti sérüléseivel kapcsolatos szemléltváltozás jellemzôi a Fogorvosi Szemlében 100 év alatt megjelent közlemények alapján.

Most of the external forces hitting the body (automobile injuries, sport injuries, job accidents, falls, hits and fights) reach the head, and especially the oral and maxillofacial region. Statistics show the head is injured in more than 70 per cent of car accidents. The incidence of head injuries, specifically tooth injuries, is high among both infancy and school children. Authors give a review about the changing approaches of treatment principles in the reports published in the Hungarian dental journal 'Fogorvosi Szemle' in the past 100 years, and how today's modern treatment trends have evolved.

[Changing methods of pain- and fear-relief in dental treatments based on reports published in 'Fogorvosi Szemle']. / A fájdalom- és félelemmentes fogászati kezelés módszereinek alakulása a Fogorvosi Szemlében megjelent dolgozatok tükrében.

In the dental practice--for more than a 100 years--it has been a vital topic how to prevent, eliminate, or at least relieve pain and fear associated with dental treatments. 'Fogorvosi Szemle,' the scientific journal of the Hungarian Dental Association is now a 100 years old. Authors present how the approaches and methods of relieving pain and fear have changed in the past century, based on the reports published in this journal. The reports are grouped in three main topics: local anaesthetics and sedatives; ambulatory narcosis and sedative analgesia; hypnosis and hypnotherapy. Based on the publications of the last one hundred years, it can be concluded that the Hungarian dental practice has followed the trends and principles of the well-known international dental schools.

The clinical and pathological symptoms of pregnancy epulis.

Examination of the oral cavity in 2260 pregnant women revealed 12 cases of pregnancy epulis, an incidence of 0.48%. In 9 of these 12 cases, spontaneous regression and recovery occurred 1-4 months after delivery. Despite the continuous conservative therapy, several surgical interventions were necessary in the remaining 3 pregnant women, due to the large size of the epulis and the bleeding that was difficult to stop. The authors provide a detailed description of the clinical symptoms (bleeding, difficulty of oral closure, loosening and migration of teeth) caused by large, multiple epulis instances during two pregnancies of one woman, together with the surgical interventions, the histopathologic examination and the immunohistochemical characteristics of the epulis.

A preliminary comparative study of the prognostic implications of type 2 diabetes mellitus for patients with primary gingival carcinoma treated with surgery and radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) may be a risk factor in determining cancer progression. The aim of this study was to compare the progression of primary gingival cancer in patients with DM2 and nondiabetic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective follow-up studies involved patients with gingival squamous cell carcinoma in stage T2-3N0M0. Treatment comprised surgical tumor extirpation, block resection of the mandible, functional cervical dissection, and 60 Gy of adjuvant irradiation. The patients were divided into a group of patients with DM2 (DM group) and a nondiabetic, control group. Progression data was recorded after a 2-year period of clinical follow-up. Surgical samples were assessed histopathologically from the aspect of tumor spread. RESULTS: At the end of a 2-year follow-up period, the DM group demonstrated significantly worse clinical results in terms of cervical lymph node metastases (P<.05) and mortality rate (P<.001). Histologically, the degree of tumor invasion was significantly different in the DM group and controls (P<.01). CONCLUSION: DM2 can be considered a possible prognostic factor in cases of gingival carcinoma, forecasting an unfavorable course.

Skull base chordoma mimicking a preauricular neoplasm in a child: clinicopathological features and biological behaviour.

INTRODUCTION: The extreme rarity of chordomas in childhood, the slow growing nature of these tumours and the diverse symptoms may cause many diagnostic problems. PATIENT: A 9-year-old girl presented with an unusual manifestation of a skull base chordoma. The clinical and pathological features were analysed. RESULT: In the present case, the initial symptoms of the skull base tumour were completely misleading. The otodynia, the masticatory difficulties and the mass in the preauricular region were not characteristic of skull base chordomas. The female sex, the young age, the large tumour size and the atypical histological pattern of the tumour all indicated a very poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: The rarity of this tumour in childhood and the atypical lateral and intracranial spread resulted in a serious delay of the diagnosis and in a fatal outcome.

Prevalence of malocclusions in Hungarian adolescents.

The aim of this epidemiological study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion, associated caries experience, and level of oral hygiene in the Hungarian population using the World Health Organisation (WHO) questionnaire designed to assess dentofacial anomalies. A total of 483 adolescents (289 girls, 194 boys), aged 16-18 years, were assessed. Orthodontic anomalies were detected in 70.4 per cent of the sample. Crowding and spacing were observed in 14.3 and 17 per cent, respectively, with the latter being more prevalent in the maxilla than in the mandible (10.4 and 2.9 per cent, respectively). A Class I occlusion was found in 52.8 per cent of the subjects. A half cusp anomaly in the antero-posterior molar relationship was more prevalent than a full cusp anomaly (26.9 and 20.3 per cent, respectively). The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), the decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS), and the visible plaque indices scores (VPI) of the 340 adolescents with malocclusion were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the adolescents who displayed no anomalies. The prevalence of malocclusion in the Hungarian population seems to be comparable with other European communities.

Prevalence of hypodontia and hyperdontia in paedodontic and orthodontic patients in Budapest.

Various publications have reported the prevalence of accessory teeth to be between 1 and 3%. In contrast, hypodontia has a much higher prevalence. In the current work, the authors studied OP radiographs on 2,219 patients aged 6 to 18 years who presented at the Department of Paedodontics and Orthodontics at Semmelweis University in Budapest (patients with systemic disease were excluded). The examined radiographs revealed a prevalence of accessory teeth of 1.53%. The sequence of prevalence was as follows: mesiodens > second incisor > first incisor. 77.5% of the accessory teeth were located in the upper jaw, with 97.5% of those being present in the incisor region. Hypodontia was detected in 326 patients (14.69%); missing wisdom germs were not considered. The sequence of prevalence of missing germ was as follows: upper second incisor > lower second premolar > upper second premolar > lower first incisor. Hypodontia in the molar region was observed in 15 cases (0.68%). The prevalence of oligodontia was 1.04%.

[The use of aminopenicillin combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor in outpatients of oral surgery and dentistry]. / Béta-laktamáz-gátlóval kombinált amino-penicillin alkalmazása az ambuláns szájsebészeti és fogászati gyakorlatban.

On the basis of the information gained from the literature the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination has attained the leading position in dentistry and outpatient oral surgery practices as regards the order of application of antibiotics. The explanation for this may be that in 60-70% of the cases of odontogenic inflammation, besides the pathogenic anaerobic bacteria there is an increasing necessity to eliminate beta-lactamase-producing bacteria as well. The authors applied the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination (Aktil Duo 625 mg) to support the--primarily surgical--treatment of 14 oral and dental surgery conditions on a total of 60 patients. After analysing the results and side effects they came to the conclusion that the application of the mentioned combination was very successful in dentistry and outpatient oral surgery practices.

Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disorder of ectodermal origin. The early orthodontic treatment of 2 young boys suffering from hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with partial maxillary and complete mandibular anodontia of the primary dentition is described. Both were treated with removable maxillary partial and mandibular complete dentures with individualized occlusion and age-appropriate artificial teeth. The results were significant improvements in speech, masticatory function, and facial esthetics, contributing to the development of normal dietary habits, and the improved and more rapid social integration of these children.

[Literature survey of apexification in connection with three cases]. / Az apexifikáció irodalmi áttekintése három eset kapcsán.

Endodontic treatment of three non-vital immature teeth is discussed. According Moorrees et al. root formation was in the stage two, six and four respectively. After access to the root canal, removing necrotic pulp and effective chemo-mechanical cleansing, Ca(OH)2 paste was used as a temporary filling material in each case. In two cases after closing the apical opening, permanent obturation was performed with half heated gutta-percha and lateral condensation to obtain a good seal. In one case permanent filling of the canal occurred with gutta-percha and AH26 as a sealer. In the first case two years, in the second case five years after obturation of the root canal with gutta-percha, periapical healing was evident in the control radiograph. In the third case using gutta-percha with AH26 as a sealer after two years new periapical lesion has developed. On the bases of literature data and our experiences in the case of non-vital immature teeth. Ca(OH)2 paste is the best temporary filling material to induce apexification process, and the half heated gutta-percha obturation is the most suitable permanent root filling material.

[Retention of Ultra Seal XT third generation fissure sealant in systematic pedodontic care]. / A szervezett gyermekfogászati ellátás keretein belül alkalmazott Ultra Seal XT harmadik generációs barázdazáró anyag retenciójának vizsgálata.

The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate Ultra Seal XT third generation light cured fissure sealant on the occlusal pits and fissures of permanent first and second molars for a period of two years. The examined population consisted of 112 Hungarian school-children, aged 8 to 14 years who presented for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children and Orthodontics in Budapest. The 1120 participants had a total of 247 permanent molars sealed. All teeth were monitorized and controlled after 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. Retentivity of fissure sealants were after 6 months 92.7%, one year 87.8%, two years 79.9%. These results are in accordance with data of literature. This longitudinal study showed that modern pit and fissure sealants can be applied during childhood in systematic pedodontic care. It has high retentivity and a directly proportional optimal caries-preventive effect.

[Prevalence of impacted permanent upper canine and its treatment in 11-18-year-old orthodontic patients]. / Retineált felsó maradó szemfogak elófordulási gyakorisága és a kezelés lehetóségei 11-18 éves orthodontiai betegeken.

Data of literature show very high prevalence of impacted upper permanent canine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prevalence of retentioned or impacted upper permanent canines and to present their therapy. Data on 11-18-year-old children presented for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children and Orthodontics in Budapest over a period of 10 years (between 1990 and 2000) were analysed. OP X-ray films of 1858 children and adolescents--1102 female and 756 male--were examined and the data of anamnesis and the administered therapy were considered. Results revealed 101 cases of impacted cuspids, the male:female ratio was 46:55. Considering the totality of administered treatment methods, both surgical exposure and orthodontic treatment of the affected canines were needed in a high rate, i.e. 96.92% of the analysed cases. In 40.91% of the cases extraction of the correspondent upper first premolar was needed. Following the premolar extraction spontaneous occlusions of the impacted canine was established in 3.03%. Authors present the complex therapy of one case of palatally impacted upper permanent canine.

[Frequency of transposition and its treatment at the Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics of Semmelweis University in the last five years]. / A transzpozíció elófordulási gyakorisága a Semmelweis Egyetem Gyermekfogászati és Fogszabályozási Klinika ötéves beteganyagában.

Tooth transposition is a rare but severe disturbance of tooth eruption. The maxillary canine and the premolar are the most commonly transposed teeth. The occurrence of transposition in the mandible is very rare. The transposition may occur in combination with other anomalies, like aplasia (40%), peg-shaped lateral incisor (25%), deciduous tooth retention (50%). The adjacent teeth exchange positions in the dental arch for genetic or traumatic reasons. In the last five years orthopantomograms of 2736 patients were analysed at the Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics of Semmelweis University. Twelve transposition cases (0.43%) were found: 10 in the upper and 2 in the lower dental arch. Only one case was bilateral transposition. Nine patients were treated with fixed appliance. In one of these cases the transposed tooth was extracted and two patients are being observed. The methods of treatment are in accordance with the international guide-lines.

[Significance of assessing risk factors for caries in their prevention]. / A cariesrizikó-tényezók vizsgálatának jelentósége a caries megelózésében.

INTRODUCTION: Besides the main etiological factors other factors are also involved in development of caries. Bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli) and saliva (its buffering capacity, and rate of secretion) are also risk factors in the development of caries. MATERIAL, METHOD, RESULTS: The authors were the first in Hungary to use the Dentocult kits for assessing the number of lactobacilli in saliva, to use the Oricult-N plate for the determination of the number of Candida, and the medium containing Dentocult-SM plates in the assessment of the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies in saliva. Children in Fót were divided into two groups: children who consumed sorbitol-containing sweets, and another consisting of children who consumed sucrose-containing sweets. The number of lactobacilli, as well as the caries-index was determined. The proportion of children with high lactobacillus counts was significantly lower in the sorbitol group than in the sucrose group. Caries prevalence and salivary lactobacillus counts were determined in 140 second and third graders and 150 adults. The difference between caries-active and caries-inactive subjects was statistically significant in both age groups. A relationship between lactobacillus and Candida albicans counts was found in 396 children between the ages of 6 and 11 living in children's homes. The microbiological assessment of the saliva of 269 children, from seven different children's home, all between the ages of 7 and 12, who were included in the WHO's three-year xylitol caries-preventive program, was also done. Cariological, saliva and microbiological investigations were carried out on 349 adolescents secondary school students. The amount of bacteria and yeasts showed a strong relationship with the caries mean values. The saliva of 210 fixed orthodontic appliances wearing--using amine fluoride-containing products--children, was investigated. According to the results, amine fluoride has a pronounced effect on the mouth's microflora, especially on the number of lactobacilli and Candida.

Effect of amine fluoride toothpaste and gel in high risk groups of Hungarian adolescents: results of a longitudinal study.

The aim of the study was to establish a preventive program with the combined use of amine fluoride toothpaste and gel in groups of adolescents living in different locations in Hungary. Caries and oral hygiene examinations were performed at the beginning of the study and repeated after 1 and 2 years. The adolescents were divided into 3 groups: 1 control and 2 test groups. The control group continued its usual oral care habits. One of the test groups received Elmex toothpaste for unsupervised home use daily and Elmex gel for use once a week, and the other test group received Elmex toothpaste and only placebo gel. The combined use of amine fluoride-containing toothpaste and gel provided a significant reduction in DMFS mean values (38% including white spot lesions, 34% not including white spot lesions, p < 0.05) and in visible plaque index values (18%, p < 0.05) compared to the control group.