ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The reproduction of anxiety in laboratory animals is a renewing problem whenever a new drug is to be tested for its anxiolytic effect. Some gold-standard tests, such as the elevated plus maze test, are always considered to be used as reference. However, many controversial results for different anxiolytics were reported in elevated plus maze test. The analysis methods used by different labs could be the source of variability of the results. Human observations were the most commonly used since the 90's, when behavior analysis software appeared. In each lab, specific procedures for reducing bias in ethopharmacological experiments were implemented, but the performance of human observers was rarely compared to software assisted analysis. METHODS: Four analysts and 24 trials were involved, each analyst having to do all the analyses during which they had to register eight parameters. All trials were also analyzed with the EthoVision XT (Noldus IT, Netherlands). RESULTS: Several crucial parameters of the elevated plus maze test were significantly different between the analysts (p<0.05). The results registered by human observers were summarized and compared to the results of automatic analysis, which showed significant difference in the case of closed arm entry and total distance (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was shown that despite all precautionary measures taken to reduce the variability and bias among observers the results were clearly different from those registered by behavior analysis software. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the behavior analysis methods need some kind of standardization in order to be comparable between labs, preferably the use of the same software and/or settings.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/psychology , Software , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Disease Models, Animal , Exploratory Behavior , Observer Variation , Rats , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The role of serotonin in depression and anxiety is still highly controversial. In this experiment the effect of two substances upon anxiety was studied in rats. METHODS: Forty adult (45-55 weeks old) male Wistar rats were used to study the following behavioral parameters on elevated plus maze test: open arm and closed arm entries; open arm, closed arm and central square activity duration, open arm preference and total distance traveled. RESULTS: A single injected dose of the antidepressant fluoxetine had no significant effect on animals' activity in the open-arm test, neither in a small dosage (5 mg/kgbw) nor in a higher one (10 mg/kgbw), whereas a single high dose of buspirone significantly impeded the open-arm activity of the rats. None of the substances influenced the general locomotor activity significantly, but the higher doses of buspirone mainly blocked the closed-arm entries and they even decreased the total distance traveled. CONCLUSION: Acute fluoxetine and buspirone administration influenced the rats' behavior in the elevated plus-maze test in a dose dependent manner. Anxiolytic effects occur after small doses but anxiogenic-like effects were noticed in rodents when higher doses were used.
Subject(s)
Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology , Anxiety/drug therapy , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Buspirone/pharmacology , Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology , Animals , Anxiety/psychology , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Maze Learning/drug effects , Motor Activity/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Time FactorsABSTRACT
We report a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who had metastatic nodules in the myocardium of the left ventricle and tumour emboli in the left circumflex artery which caused myocardial infarction with ventricular rupture and haemopericardium. Cardiac metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is discussed and the literature reviewed.
