Analytical Solution of Mixed Electroosmotic/ Pressure Driven Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids between a Parallel Flat Plates Micro-Channel: The Maxwell Model Using the Oldroyd and Jaumann Time Derivatives.

In the present work, an analytical approximate solution of mixed electroosmotic/pressure driven flow of viscoelastic fluids between a parallel plates microchannel is reported. Inserting the Oldroyd, Jaumann, or both time derivatives into the Maxwell model, important differences in the velocity profiles were found. The presence of the shear and normal stresses is only close to the wall. This model can be used as a tool to understand the flow behavior of low viscosity fluids, as most of them experiment on translation, deformation and rotation of the flow. For practical applications, the volumetric flow rate can be controlled with two parameters, namely the gradient pressure and the electrokinetic parameter, once the fluid has been rheologically characterized.

Environmental factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk. / Fatores ambientais e conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal em pessoas com risco familiar.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the association between environmental risk factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk. METHOD: cross-sectional correlational study, with a sample consisted of people who met at least one of the Revised Bethesda criteria, and 80 participants were included in this study. A sociodemographic data record, the AUDIT Test for alcohol use, the Fagerström Test for tobacco smoking, the Estimation and Frequency of Food Intake scale, and the Cancer Awareness Measure questionnaire to assess the colorectal cancer awareness were used. Body mass index was calculated, and descriptive statistics and the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient were used to estimate the association. RESULTS: female sex predominated, with an average age of 37.8 years, almost half of the participants were overweight, 45% showed symptoms of alcohol dependence, half of the sample showed an association between hereditary factors and the development of colorectal cancer, and less than half of them were aware of cancer prevention programs. CONCLUSION: there is little information on the main environmental risk factors, signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer, and no significant association was found between these and colorectal cancer awareness.

Fatores ambientais e conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal em pessoas com risco familiar / Environmental factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk / Factores ambientales y conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal en personas con riesgo familiar

Objetivo identificar a associação entre os fatores de risco ambientais e a conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal em pessoas com risco familiar. Método estudo correlacional de corte transversal, cuja amostra foi constituída por pessoas que cumpriam pelo menos um dos critérios de Bethesda Revisados, sendo 80 participantes incluídos no estudo. Foram utilizados uma ficha com dados sociodemográficos, o Teste AUDIT para o consumo de álcool, o Teste de Fagerström para o tabagismo, a escala de Estimativa e Consumo de Alimentos, e o questionário Cancer Awareness Measure para avaliar a conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado, e estatísticas descritivas e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson foram usados para estimar a associação. Resultados o sexo feminino foi o mais prevalente, com média de idade de 37,8 anos, quase metade dos participantes apresentava sobrepeso, 45% apresentavam sintomas de dependência de álcool, metade da amostra teve o fator hereditário relacionado com o desenvolvimento de câncer colorretal, e menos da metade conhecia programas preventivos deste câncer. Conclusão há pouca informação sobre os principais fatores de risco ambientais, sinais e sintomas do câncer colorretal, e nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada entre eles e conscientização sobre o câncer colorretal.

Objective to identify the association between environmental risk factors and awareness of colorectal cancer in people at familial risk. Method cross-sectional correlational study, with a sample consisted of people who met at least one of the Revised Bethesda criteria, and 80 participants were included in this study. A sociodemographic data record, the AUDIT Test for alcohol use, the Fagerström Test for tobacco smoking, the Estimation and Frequency of Food Intake scale, and the Cancer Awareness Measure questionnaire to assess the colorectal cancer awareness were used. Body mass index was calculated, and descriptive statistics and the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient were used to estimate the association. Results female sex predominated, with an average age of 37.8 years, almost half of the participants were overweight, 45% showed symptoms of alcohol dependence, half of the sample showed an association between hereditary factors and the development of colorectal cancer, and less than half of them were aware of cancer prevention programs. Conclusion there is little information on the main environmental risk factors, signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer, and no significant association was found between these and colorectal cancer awareness.

Objetivo identificar la asociación entre factores de riesgo ambientales y la conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal en personas con riesgo familiar. Método estudio transversal correlacional; la muestra estuvo constituida por personas que cumplieran al menos uno de los criterios de Bethesda Revisados; se incluyeron 80 participantes en el estudio; se empleó una cédula de datos sociodemográficos, el Test AUDIT para el consumo de alcohol, Test de Fagerström para el consumo de tabaco, escala Estimación y Consumo de Alimento y el cuestionario Cancer Awareness Measure para la conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal, además se calculó el índice de masa corporal; se obtuvo estadística descriptiva y el Coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson para la asociación. Resultados predominó el sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 37,8 años; casi la mitad de los participantes presentó sobrepeso, un 45% mostró síntomas de dependencia al alcohol, la mitad de la muestra relaciona el factor hereditario con el desarrollo de cáncer colorrectal y menos de la mitad conoce programas preventivos sobre el mismo. Conclusión existe poca información sobre los principales factores de riesgo ambientales, signos y síntomas del cáncer colorrectal; no se encontró una asociación significativa entre estos y la conciencia sobre el cáncer colorrectal.

Estrés laboral en enfermería factores asociados: Cartagena (Colombia) / Labor Stress in nursing and associate factors: Cartagena (Colombia)

Objetivo:Determinar los factores asociados al estrés laboral en las enfermeras de dos hospitales de la ciudad de Cartagena. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal.La población correspondió a 156 enfermeras y enfermeros de los servicios de Urgencia, Hospitalización, UCI Adulto, Cirugía, Consulta Externa de dos hospitales de la ciudad de Cartagena. Para la recolección de información se utilizó la versión española del instrumento"TheNursing Stress Scale" (NSS), que valora siete factores relacionados con el ambiente físico, el ambiente psicológico y dos relacionados con el ambiente social en el hospital. Para el análisis de los datos se aplicó estadística descriptiva, se realizó análisis bivariado utilizando la probabilidad Kruskall Wallis y U Mann Whitney para estimar diferencias significativas de promedios entre variables. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 156 enfermerasy enfermeros de dos hospitales de la ciudad de Cartagena, con promedio de edad de 33.2 años, el 94,2% (147) pertenecen al género femenino. La prevalencia de nivel alto de estrés correspondió a 33.9% (53) de los encuestados.Son variables asociadas al estrés ser menor de 30 años, tener pareja, tener más de un hijo, laborar en la consulta externa, tener un contrato a término fijo, estar vinculado a la empresa por más de dos años y tener más de cinco años de experiencia en el cargo. Conclusión: La presencia de estrés en los profesionales se asocia principalmente a factores personales y laborales como los servicios en que se trabaja y el tipo de contratación.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with work stress in nurses at two hospitals in the city of Cartagena. Methods: We performed across-sectional analytical study. The population fell to 156 nurses Emergency Services, Hospital, Adult ICU, Surgery, Outpatient, two hospitals in the city of Cartagena. For data collect on we used the Spanish version of the instrument "The Nursing Stress Scale" (NSS), which assesses seven factors related to the physical environment, the psychological environment and two related to the social environmentin the hospital. For the analysis of the data using descriptive statistics, we conducted bivariate analyzes using probability Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U to estimate significant differences between variables averages. Results:The study involved 156 nursesat two hospitals inthe city of Cartagena, with a mean age of 33.2 years, 94.2% (147) are female. Thehighprevalence of stress corresponded to 33.9% (53) of respondents. Variables are associated with stress, age less than 30 years, having a partner, having more than one childin the outpatient work, have afixed term contract, be linked to the company for more than two years and have more than five years of experience in office.> Conclusion: The presence of stress in professionals is mainly associated with personal and work factors such as services in which they work and the type of contract.

[Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma]. / Mesotelioma Peritoneal Maligno.

The peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare pathology with unspecific symptoms reason to be a difficult diagnosis. We report a case of a 58 year old man with diabetes mellitus type 2, arterial hypertension and smoking; without precedent of asbestos exposure. The patient presented a one month history characterized by progressive increase of the abdominal volume and sensation of fullness; three weeks later they added breathlessness and hyporexia. The patient was in regular general condition; he was not presenting hepatic stigmas, edema or adenomegalies. The examination of thorax and cardiovascular it was normal. The abdomen distended by ascites, not painful, liver and spleen not examined. Laboratory: Hemoglobin 11,9 gr/dl, WBC 6840/mm3 Bands 1 %, lymphocytes 10 %, platelets 620000/mm3, PT 12 seconds, PTT 34 seconds, glucose 158 mg/dl, BUN 20,5 mg/ dl, creatinine 1,2 mg/dl, proteins 6,1 gr/dl, albumin 2,6 gr/dl. LDH 316 U/l, beta2microglobulin 2,2 mg/l (0.83-1.15 mg/l). HBV and HCV negative. Ca 19.9, CEA, AFP and PSA negative. Hemocultive negative. Ascitic fluid: ADA 20,3 U/l, serum-ascitic albumin gradient (SAAG) 1,1. Leukocytes 2237 cells/mm3, PMN 6 %, lymphocytes 90 %, mesothelial cells 4 %, proteins 4,6 gr/dl, albumin 2,34 gr/dl, glucose 44 mg/dl, LDH 1918 U/l. Gram and cultive: negatives. BAAR and cultive: negative . Cytology: mesothelial cells with changes of type reagent, Block cell for tumour cells: negative. Abdominal US: increased peritoneum and abundant ascitic fluid. Thoracic-abdominal CT: left side pleural effusion, severe ascites with thick epyplon. Upper GI endoscopy: moderate gastritis. Colonoscopy: two small sessile polyps in sigmoid colon. The finds of the laparoscopy were interpreted like carcinomatosis or peritoneal tuberculosis. The report of the peritoneal biopsy was informed as suggestive of undifferentiated carcinoma; the reappraisal with inmunohystochemic (calretinin +,cytokeratin +, vimentin +) indicated malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, type epithelial. The evolution was torpid. The patient was transferred to the Service of Oncology where they initiated chemotherapy with Cysplatin (CDDP) and died 20 days later. The malignant mesothelioma peritoneal is a unfrequent entity, with limited therapeutic options; generally detected late, with a palliative treatment.

Mesotelioma peritoneal maligno / Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma

El mesotelioma peritoneal es una patología rara que se presenta con síntomas inespecíficos, por lo que su diagnóstico es dificultoso. Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 58 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión arterial y tabaquismo; sin antecedente de exposición a asbestos. El paciente refirió que un mes antes del ingreso inició una enfermedad insidiosa y progresiva, caracterizada por aumento progresivo del volumen abdominal y sensación de llenura; tres semanas después se agregaron dificultad respiratoria y anorexia. El paciente estaba en regular estado general; no presentaba: estigmas hepáticos, edema o adenomegalias. El examen de tórax y cardiovascular fue normal. El abdomen distendido por ascitis, no doloroso, hígado y bazo no evaluables. Exámenes auxiliares: Hb 11,9 gr, Leucocitos 6840, Ab 1 por ciento, Linfocitos 10 por ciento, Plaquetas 620,000, TP 12ô, TTP 34ô, glucosa 158, urea 41, creatinina 1,2, proteínas totales: 6,1, albúmina 2,6. Perfil hepático, examen de orina y electrolitos normales. DHL 316, Colesterol 155 mg/ dl, Triglicéridos 210 mg/dl. Marcadores virales B y C negativos. Marcadores tumorales Ca 19.9, CEA, AFP y PSA negativos. Hemocultivo negativo, B2 microglobulina 2,2 mg/l (0.83-1.15). Los estudios del líquido ascítico fueron: ADA: 20,3 U/l, gradiente de albumina (GASLA) < 1.1; citoquímico: 2237 cel/mm3, PMN 6 por ciento, Linfocitos 90 por ciento, células mesoteliales 4 por ciento, proteinas 4,6, albúmina 2,34, glucosa 44 y DHL 1918; gram y cultivo negativos; BAAR y cultivo BK negativos; PAP: presencia de células mesoteliales con cambios de tipo reactivo; block cell: negativo para células tumorales. Ecografía abdominal: peritoneo engrosado y abundante ascitis. TEM tóraco-abdominal: ascitis, engrosamiento difuso del peritoneo y epiplón...

The peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare pathology with unspecific symptoms reason to be a difficult diagnosis. We report a case of a 58 year old man with diabetes mellitus type 2, arterial hypertension and smoking; without precedent of asbestos exposure. The patient presented a one month history characterized by progressive increase of the abdominal volume and sensation of fullness; three weeks later they added breathlessness and hyporexia. The patient was in regular general condition; he was not presenting hepatic stigmas, edema or adenomegalies. The examination of thorax and cardiovascular it was normal. The abdomen distended by ascites, not painful, liver and spleen not examined.Laboratory: Hemoglobin 11,9 gr/dl, WBC 6840/mm3 Bands 1 percent, lymphocytes 10 percent, platelets 620000/mm3, PT 12 seconds, PTT 34 seconds, glucose 158 mg/dl, BUN 20,5 mg/ dl, creatinine 1,2 mg/dl, proteins 6,1 gr/dl, albumin 2,6 gr/dl. LDH 316 U/l, â2microglobulin 2,2 mg/l (0.83-1.15 mg/l). HBV and HCV negative. Ca 19.9, CEA, AFP and PSA negative.Hemocultive negative. Ascitic fluid: ADA 20,3 U/l, serum-ascitic albumin gradient (SAAG) <1,1. Leukocytes 2237 cells/mm3, PMN 6 percent, lymphocytes 90 percent, mesothelial cells 4 percent, proteins 4,6 gr/dl, albumin 2,34 gr/dl, glucose 44 mg/dl, LDH 1918 U/l. Gram and cultive: negatives. BAAR and cultive: negative . Cytology: mesothelial cells with changes of type reagent, Block cell for tumour cells: negative. Abdominal US: increased peritoneum and abundant ascitic fluid. Thoracic-abdominal CT: left side pleural effusion, severe ascites with thick epyplon...

[DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC COLONOSCOPY IN PEDIATRICS] / Colonoscopía diagnótica y terapéutica en pediatría.

Gastrointestinal bleeding in childhood is an uncommon problem, althought when it happens it maybe an emergency. Upper bleeding predominates, and when we consider lower bleeding, the principal cause are polyps. Recent evidence points out that polyps are responsible for bleeding in 77% of cases.We decided to study the clinical course, histologic characteristics and treatment in children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. This investigation was held at Edgardo Rebagliati National Hospital during 1990 to 1996. Inclusion criteria were: younger than 14 years, gastrointestinal bleeding, and colonoscopy exam.100 colonoscopies were done in 74 children. Polyps were the cause for gastrointestinal bleeding in 71.6% of cases. In 14 children more than one colonoscopy was done. More than one polyp in 16 children were found. Ulcerative colitis was diagnosed in two cases, and intestinal tuberculosis in other two cases. Average age was 8.8 years, and 100% presented rectorragia and anemia.Polyps were located principally in rectum and sigmoid. Polipectomy was done in 94.34% of the cases, and it was technically succesful. We had only one complication (snare wire was trapped) but with no morbidity.Histological examination demonstrated that juvenile polyp was the most frequent type (56.66%), followed by tubular adenoma (11.32%), and Peutz-Jegher polyp in 3.77%. Treatment was polipectomy in all cases. Eleven procedures were done in the surgical room, and 19 in the endoscopy unit, with no complications in any of the cases.CONCLUSION: In children the main cause for lower gastrointestinal bleeding are polyps. All cases present with rectorragia or anemia, and juvenile polyps are the most frequent type. Colonoscopy is a safe method for diagnosis and treatment, which can be done in the endoscopy unit with mild sedation and with an anesthesist or pediatrician as assistants.

Asociación entre presencia de divertículos duodenales y coledocolitiasis / Association of duodenal diverticulum presence with choledocholithiasis

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar retrospectivamente la frecuencia de presentación del divertículo duodenal y su asociación con la coledocolitiasis. Métodos: El estudio incluyó 2728 pacientes a quienes se les realizó PCRE durante el período 1993 a 1997. El divertículo duodenal fue descubierto en 122 casos (4,5 por ciento). En 22 pacientes no se pudo realizar la canulación ya que no fue técnicamente posible. Resultados: en cien pacientes con éxito en la canulación se encontraron 54 casos con divertículos yuxtapapilar asociado a coledocolitiasis (54 por ciento). Conclusión: Estos datos sugieren que existe asociación del divertículo duodenal y la coledocolitiasis.

[ASSOCIATION OF DUODENAL DIVERTICULUM PRESENCE WITH CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS] / Asociación entre presencia deDivertículos Duodenales y Coledocolitiasis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate in aretrospective way the frequency of duodenal diverticulum and its association with choledocholithiasis. Methods:This study included 2728 consecutive patients who underwent ERCP during the period 1993-1997. Duodenal diverticulum was discovered in 122 cases (4.5%). In 22 patients cannulation was not achieved since it was not technically possible. Results: In 100 patients with successful cannulation, 54 cases with juxtapapillary diverticulum were encountered associated with choledocholithiasis. CONCLUSION: These data suggestthat duodenal diverticulum is associated with choledocholithiasis.

Identificación clínica y de laboratorio de daño hepático en pacientes que reciben inhibidores de la enzima inhibidora de la angiotensina Hospital Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo 1994 / Clinical idetntification and of laboratory of hepatico damage in patients who receive inhibitors of the inhibiting enzyme of angiotensina Hospital Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo 1994

Analiza que los inhibidores de la enzima inhibidora de angiotensina actuan sobre el sistema renina angiotensina al inhibir la conversión de angiotensina II, también inhiben la degradación de bradiquininas y potencian su acción hipotensiva. Evidencias recientes sugieren que además afectan a otras enzimas, incluidas aquellas involucradas en la generación de prostaglandinas. La hepatotoxicidad producida por los inhibidores de la ECA es un hecho no muy común pero que es perfectamente conocido por una variedad de reportes y estudios al respecto, pero el mecanismo por el cual la producen no esta del todo esclarecido. En este estudio se han incluido veinte pacientes ambulatorios de una consulta hospitalaria de Nefrología que recibían inhibidores de la ECA. De estos 20 pacientes, varios de ellos presentaron síntomas clínicos sugestivos de afección hepática. Solamente en dos pacientes (10xciento) se encontraron elevaciones de transaminasas con criterios probables de relación con el empleo de fármacos, sin embargo estas elevaciones no alcanzaron el doble de las cifras sonsideradas normales...

Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA): predominancia de las manifestaciones digestivas en su perfil clínico de presentación en Lima / Adquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): digestive manifestations dominance in its clinical profile of presentation in Lima, PE

Se estudian nueve casos de Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA), en el Hospital Nacional "Edgardo Rebagliati Martins" - Instituto Peruano de Seguridad Social de Lima-Perú, observados en el curso de los últimos veintiocho meses y que cumplen con los requisitos propuestos por el "Center for Disease Control" (CDC) de Atlanta. Ocho pacientes (89%) fueron homosexuales, los cuales referían contacto íntimo con extranjeros: en USA (dos) y en Lima (seis). La única mujer tenía el antecedente de múltiples transfusiones hace tres años en un hospital de París (Francia). La edad promedio fué de 39 años y el tiempo de enfermedad promedio fué de 8 meses. La mayoría se presentó con: diarrea crónica (100%), baja de peso (100%), síndrome general (100%), fiebre (77%), muguet oral (78%) y molestias proctológicas (45%). Los exámenes auxiliares mostraron anemia (78%), velocidad de sedimentación incrementada (100%), hipoalbuminemia (78%), linfopenia periférica (100%) y definida anergia cutánea (100%). El estudio de las subpoblaciones de linfocitos T (OKT4 y OKT8) se encontró alterado en 9/9 (100%), lo que demostró la severa depresión de la inmunidad celular; la detección de anticuerpos contra el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) 9/9 (100%) y la prueba de Western blot positiva 6/6 (100%) fueron diagnósticas. Candidiasis oral y/o esofágica presentaron 78%; infecciones intestinales severas y recurrentes con enteropatógenos "clasicos" en nuestro medio (Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, etc.) 56%; infestación recurrente con Giardia lamblia 33%; un paciente presentó meningitis por Cryptococcus neoformans, que luego se diseminó, el mismo paciente fué atacado sistémicamente por el Citomegalovirus (CMV); otro paciente mostró evidencias de CMV en orina y títulos diagnósticos de actividad de este virus en sangre...