Echocardiographic and Doppler assessment of maternal cardiovascular function in normal and abnormal canine pregnancies.

The objective was to verify maternal hemodynamic differences between normal and abnormal pregnancies in dogs. Brucella-negative pregnant bitches (n = 31) were retrospectively classified into abnormal (which had either their pregnancy interrupted between Days 52 and 60 or perinatal death of more than 50% of the litter; n = 14) and normal (which had delivered healthy puppies at term; n = 17). These dogs were evaluated with echocardiography every 10 days from Days 0 to 60 of gestation (Day 0 = estimated day of LH peak). Systolic blood pressure was also assessed. At Day 50 of gestation, left ventricular free wall in systole increased in the normal but not in the abnormal group (P < 0.01). In contrast, end systolic stress (P < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) diminished only in normal animals. We concluded that signs of altered maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy may be predictors of obstetrical complications in dogs.

Detection and recognition thresholds to the 4 basic tastes in Mexican patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands, leading to dryness of the mouth (xerostomia). It has been postulated that xerostomia is the preceding stage for the development of alterations in taste acuity (dysgeusia) in this type of patients. OBJECTIVES: To determine detection and recognition thresholds to the 4 basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour and bitter) in pSS patients and compare them to a control group. To determine if the long-term consumption of chile peppers and spicy Mexican diets had an effect on the taste perception and acuity of the pSS patients. SETTING: This study was done in the Department of Food Science and Technology of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), a third-level hospital in Mexico City. SUBJECTS: The patient group consisted of 21 Mexican females (mean +/- s.d., age: 53.1 +/- 9.8 y) diagnosed with pSS (time of duration of the disease, 8.6 +/- 6.6 y, median 7 y, range 1-25 y) who were recruited at the outpatient service of the Department of Immunology and Rheumatology of the INCMNSZ. The control group consisted of 20 healthy nonsmokers age-matched Mexican women (50.3 +/- 11.9 y) most of them personnel of the INCMNSZ, and some friends and nonblood relatives to the patients (sisters-in-law) who volunteered to participate in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Detection and recognition thresholds were determined by the method of least noticeable differences on three occasions during three nonconsecutive days. Saliva production was determined by Saxon's test on two separate occasions. RESULTS: Although saliva production was severely reduced in pSS patients (1.35 +/- 0.55 ml/2 min, P<0.001) compared to controls (6.26 +/- 2.41 ml/2 min), all subjects recognized the 4 basic tastes when these were tested at suprathreshold concentrations. The detection thresholds for the sweet, sour and bitter tastes were higher in pSS patients, as well as the recognition thresholds for the salty, sour and bitter tastes. A relationship between time of evolution of the disease and saliva production with individual thresholds could not be established. CONCLUSIONS: pSS patients exhibited different degrees of dysgeusia depending on the taste being studied, that is, they were mildly dysgeusic for the sweet and salty tastes and clearly dysgeusic for the sour and bitter tastes. Although both pSS patients and controls had consumed 'typical Mexican diets' their entire lives, our results showed that the consumption of chile peppers and spicy foods did not have any effect on the taste perception and acuity of the pSS patients.

Differential regulation of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase genes by thiazolidinediones in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Two stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) isoforms can be expressed during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. Here we report on the effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand troglitazone (TRO) on scd1 and scd2 mRNA levels as determined by Northern blotting, on SCD protein expression as determined by Western blotting, and on total lipid composition as determined by GC during differentiation. In preadipocytes, scd1 mRNA and SCD protein were not detected, whereas scd2 mRNA was detected. These cells have high levels of palmitate (16:0), stearate (18:0), and monounsaturated oleate (Delta(9)-18:1) and low levels of monounsaturated palmitoleate (Delta(9)-16:1). In MDI (methylisobutylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin)-treated cells, scd1 mRNA and SCD protein were increased approximately 100-fold relative to preadipocyte levels, the scd2 mRNA level was increased 2-fold, Delta(9)-16:1 was increased approximately 20-fold, and 18:0 was decreased approximately 3-fold. In TRO-treated cells, the scd1 mRNA level was lower than that observed in preadipocytes, while the scd2 mRNA level was similar. TRO also decreased scd1 mRNA in primary adipocytes. The TRO-treated cells contained a Delta(9)-18:1 level typical of MDI-treated cells whereas, conversely, these cells also contained a low Delta(9)-16:1 level typical of preadipocytes. The implications of these correlations for the regulatory and enzymatic mechanism(s) used to establish and maintain lipid composition are discussed.

Cytokine expression is downregulated by collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone in hypertrophic scars.

We evaluated the in situ expression of adhesion molecules (E-selectin and vascular cell-adhesion molecule) and proinflammatory/fibrogenic cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and PDGF) in sections of normal skin, hypertrophic scar, and hypertrophic scar previously treated with an irradiated mixture of collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone and completely resolved. Expression of these proteins was detected by indirect immunoperoxidase staining. The hypertrophic scar group displayed an increased amount of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and PDGF compared with the normal skin and treated scar groups. Values were statistically significant when cytokines in hypertrophic scar and hypertrophic treated sections were compared. Surprisingly, no differences were detected between normal skin and treated scars. On the other hand, differences in levels of E-selectin and vascular cell-adhesion molecule were not statistically significant between the groups, except for vascular cell-adhesion molecule, which decreased in treated scars. Also, supernatants from fibroblast cultures derived from treated hypertrophic scar, showed a reduction in TGF-beta1 and PDGF expression, although apparently collagen synthesis was not affected. Based on previous data from clinical studies in human dermal fibrosis remodeling, and the results presented here, we suggest that collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone modulates extracellular matrix turnover, mainly of collagen, because expression levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and PDGF were diminished. We infer that collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone participation could also modify the inflammatory process observed in hypertrophic scarring, by diminishing the expression of adhesion molecules, as a consequence of lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1beta and TNF-alpha.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human secretory immunoglobulin A in parotid saliva.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on the double antibody sandwich method, was developed to quantify human secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva samples obtained from the parotid gland. The system consisted in: coating antibody (anti-IgA) at 2.5 micrograms/mL, enzyme-antibody conjugate (anti-IgA-SC-HRP) at 1/40,000 dilution in a 15 min enzyme-substrate reaction. Standard curves, prepared with sIgA purified from human colostrum, were consistently linear from 10 to 2500 ng/mL, which represents the sensitivity and saturation limits of the assay, respectively. This assay has a reproducibility ranging from 12% to 20% with samples of different concentration of sIgA, and an accuracy ranging from 95.7% to 106.7%, compared to radial immunodiffusion (RID). This system was specific for sIgA, since no reaction occurred with exogenously added human purified IgG, IgM or albumin, nor with the proteins in the detection system. The main features of this ELISA are: a) it is highly specific and sensitive for sIgA; b) quantitation of sIgA in parotid saliva samples can be made in relatively short time (4 to 5 hours); c) many samples can be run per microplate; d) it can be adapted to almost any clinical laboratory at reasonable costs and e) it is suitable for automatization. On the other hand, parotid saliva is an easy-to obtain sample using the Curby device and represents a non-invasive method causing minimum discomfort to subjects. The use of this type of samples, together with this ELISA, would allow large-scale screening of sIgA levels, both in normal and diseased populations.