Facial infrared thermography as an index of social anxiety.

Previous research on physiological indices of social anxiety has offered unclear results. In this study, participants with low and high social anxiety performed five social interaction tasks while being recorded with a thermal camera. Each task was associated with a dimension assessed by the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (1 = Interactions with strangers. 2 = Speaking in public/Talking with people in authority, 3 = Criticism and embarrassment, 4 = Assertive expression of annoyance, disgust or displeasure, 5 = Interactions with the opposite sex). Mixed-effects models revealed that the temperature of the tip of the nose decreased significantly in participants with low (vs. high) social anxiety (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were found in other facial regions of interest: forehead (p = 0.999) and cheeks (p = 0.999). Furthermore, task 1 was the most effective at discriminating between the thermal change of the nose tip and social anxiety, with a trend for a higher nose temperature in participants with high social anxiety and a lower nose temperature for the low social anxiety group. We emphasize the importance of corroborating thermography with specific tasks as an ecological method, and tip of the nose thermal change as a psychophysiological index associated with social anxiety.

Decreasing motion sickness by mixing different techniques.

We investigated the effectiveness of galvanic cutaneous stimulation (GCS) and auditory stimulation (AS) together and separately in mitigating motion sickness (MS). Forty-eight drivers (twenty-two men; mean age = 21.58 years) participated in a driving simulation experiment. We compared the total scores of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) across four different stimulation conditions (GCS, AS, Mixed GCS-AS and no stimulation as a baseline condition). We provided evidence that mixing techniques mitigates MS owing to an improvement in body balance; furthermore, mixing techniques improves driving behavior more effectively than GCS and AS in isolation. We encourage the use of the two techniques together to decrease MS.

Pain and Distraction According to Sensory Modalities: Current Findings and Future Directions.

BACKGROUND: This review discusses the findings in the literature on pain and distraction tasks according to their sensory modality. Distraction tasks have been shown to reduce (experimentally induced) acute pain and chronic pain. This can be influenced by nature and by the sensory modalities used in the distraction tasks. Yet the effect on reducing pain according to the sensory modality of the distraction task has received little attention. METHODS: A bibliographic search was performed in different databases. The studies will be systematized according to the sensory modality in which the distraction task was applied. RESULTS: The analyzed studies with auditory distractors showed a reduction of acute pain in adults. However, these are not effective at healthy children and in adults with chronic pain. Visual distractors showed promising results in acute pain in adults and children. Similarly, tactile and mixed distractors decreased acute pain in adults. CONCLUSION: Distraction tasks by diverse sensory modalities have a positive effect on decreasing the perception of acute pain in adults. Future studies are necessary given the paucity of research on this topic, particularly with tactile distractors (there is only one study). Finally, the most rigorous methodology and the use of ecological contexts are encouraged in future research.

Attentional network task performance in schizophrenic patients.

Several studies have researched the attentional functioning of schizophrenic patients by means of the Attentional Network Test. The present work reviews these studies and assesses the clinical relevance of their results. Both the reviewed data and our own results suggest that the Attentional Network Test does not provide a clear-cut discrimination of the attentional profile of schizophrenic patients from a clinical point of view. However, after classifying patients according to their psychotic symptoms, it became evident that positive syndrome patients are less efficient at tasks that tap the orientation network.

Effect of arousal increase in predictable and random task switching: evidence for the involvement of the anterior attentional network in random but not in predictable task switching.

Switch cost does not disappear as more preparation time for the next task is allowed. Tornay and Milán showed that the residual cost is smaller when tasks switch randomly than when they alternate in predictable sequences. They proposed that the difference was due to control mechanisms (anterior attentional network) being activated in the random condition because of its overall difficulty. Besides, it has been shown that increasing arousal levels inhibits the anterior attentional network. Therefore, Tornay and Milán's account predicts that high arousal should result in switch cost for the random condition increasing to the levels of predictable switching. In this work, this prediction was tested by assessing the interaction between increased arousal and switch cost with both predictable and random-task switching. The results may help to solve the ongoing controversy about the causes of switch cost.

Attentional network task performance in schizophrenic patients / Ejecución en el test de las redes atencionales en pacientes esquizofrénicos

Several studies have researched the attentional functioning of schizophrenic patients by means of the Attentional Network Test. The present work reviews these studies and assesses the clinical relevance of their results. Both the reviewed data and our own results suggest that the Attentional Network Test does not provide a clear-cut discrimination of the attentional profile of schizophrenic patients from a clinical point of view. However, after classifying patients according to their psychotic symptoms, it became evident that positive syndrome patients are less efficient at tasks that tap the orientation network (AU)

Varios estudios han investigado el sistema atencional de pacientes esquizofrénicos usando el test de las redes atencionales. En este trabajo se revisan estos estudios y se evalúa la relevancia clínica de sus resultados. Los resultados de la revisión y del presente trabajo sugieren que el test de las redes atencionales no discrimina claramente el perfil atencional de los pacientes esquizofrénicos desde un punto de vista clínico. No obstante, tras subdividir a los pacientes en función de su sintomatología psicótica se evidenció que los pacientes con síndrome positivo mostraron una menor eficiencia en la red de orientación (AU)

Effect of arousal increase in predictable and random task switching: Evidence for the involvement of the anterior attentional network in random but not in predictable task switching

Switch cost does not disappear as more preparation time for the next task is allowed. Tornay and Milán showed that the residual cost is smaller when tasks switch randomly than when they alternate in predictable sequences. They proposed that the difference was due to control mechanisms (anterior attentional network) being activated in the random condition because of its overall difficulty. Besides, it has been shown that increasing arousal levels inhibits the anterior attentional network. Therefore, Tornay and Milán’s account predicts that high arousal should result in switch cost for the random condition increasing to the levels of predictable switching. In this work, this prediction was tested by assessing the interaction between increased arousal and switch cost with both predictable and randomtask switching. The results may help to solve the ongoing controversy about the causes of switch cost (AU)

Tornay y Milan encontraron que el costo por cambio tiende a ser más pequeño cuando las tareas cambian de forma aleatoria que cuando lo hace de forma predecible. Estos autores proponen que esta diferencia es debida a la activación de la Red Atencional Anterior (RAA), provocada por las dificultades cognitivas que impone el cambio aleatorio. En este trabajo se sugiere que en las tareas de cambio aleatorio es posible recuperar el costo si la RAA es inhibida por la activación de la red de alerta. Se pone a prueba esta hipótesis evaluando la interacción entre el incremento de la activación (red de alerta) y el costo, tanto en cambio predecible como aleatorio. El resultado obtenido confirma la hipótesis y sugiere que las diferencias en costo por cambio entre tareas predecibles y aleatorias son debidas a la participación de mecanismos de control atencional. Estos datos pueden ayudar a aclarar la controversia existente al respecto (AU)