Siringomielia no secundaria a Chiari. Actualización en fisiopatología y manejo / Update on the pathophysiology and management of syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari malformation

Introducción: Son muchos los conocimientos y publicaciones existentes sobre la siringomielia relacionada con la malformación de Chiari, pero existe poca difusión de este cuadro cuando no se presenta en relación con dicha malformación. Ello es importante ya que es una entidad propia que precisa de un conocimiento y manejo específico. Presentamos esta revisión con el objetivo de dar a conocer las ideas más aceptadas y difundidas a día de hoy al respecto de la fisiopatología, manejo y otros aspectos de la siringomielia no secundaria a malformación de Chiari. Desarrollo: Se ha realizado una revisión de la literatura más relevante en torno a esta patología, centrándose en su fisiopatología, presentación clínica, estudio diagnóstico y manejo. Conclusiones: La siringomielia no relacionada con malformación de Chiari es una entidad propia que precisa de un conocimiento adecuado en su profundidad para su sospecha, seguimiento y manejo adecuado. Ante el hallazgo de este cuadro debe realizarse un estudio detallado encaminado a intentar identificar la causa, quedando el tratamiento sintomático como opción de rescate

Introduction: Much has been published on syringomyelia related to Chiari malformation. In contrast, little is known about the condition when it is not associated with this malformation, but this presentation of syringomyelia constitutes a different entity and therefore requires specific management. We conducted a literature review to summarise the most accepted and widespread ideas about the pathophysiology, management and other aspects of syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari malformation. Development: We reviewed the most relevant literature on this condition, focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Conclusions: Syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari malformation is a distinct entity that must be well understood to guarantee correct diagnosis, monitoring, and management. When the disease is suspected, a thorough study should be conducted to identify its aetiology. Treatment must aim to eliminate the cause of the disease; symptomatic treatment should remain a second-line option

Update on the pathophysiology and management of syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari malformation. / Siringomielia no secundaria a Chiari. Actualización en fisiopatología y manejo.

INTRODUCTION: Much has been published on syringomyelia related to Chiari malformation. In contrast, little is known about the condition when it is not associated with this malformation, but this presentation of syringomyelia constitutes a different entity and therefore requires specific management. We conducted a literature review to summarise the most accepted and widespread ideas about the pathophysiology, management and other aspects of syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari malformation. DEVELOPMENT: We reviewed the most relevant literature on this condition, focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari malformation is a distinct entity that must be well understood to guarantee correct diagnosis, monitoring, and management. When the disease is suspected, a thorough study should be conducted to identify its aetiology. Treatment must aim to eliminate the cause of the disease; symptomatic treatment should remain a second-line option.

[Solitary fibrous tumors of the meninges: report of three cases and literature review]. / Tumor fibroso solitario meníngeo: descripción de tres casos y revisión de la literatura.

We report 3 patients with fibrous solitary tumor of meningeal location where we described the histological study, as well as evolution after the surgical treatment. The described patients presented ages of 37, 52 and 65 years, after the resection has not appeared an objective sign of recurrence in any case after 4, 6 and 7 years of follow-up respectively. Checking the literature the tumor is indistinguishable clinical and radiolocally of the typical meningioma, doing necessary the use of inmunohistochemistry to do the differential diagnosis, where positiveness for CD34 and the negativeness for EMA define the fibrous solitary tumor. It is about a benign tumor, where total removing is the principal factor in prognosis, nevertheless there are cases of local recurrences and long-distance metastasis. We can find all these characteristics in the showed cases of the present article, having the uncertainty of its local or systemic relapse ability in the future.

Tumor fibroso solitario meníngeo: descripción de tres casos y revisión de la literatura / Solitary fibrous tumors of the meninges: report of three cases and literature review

Presentamos 3 pacientes con tumor fibroso solitario de localización meníngea donde describimos el estudio histológico, así como la evolución después del tratamiento quirúrgico. Los pacientes descritos tenían edades de 37, 52 y 65 años y tras la resección total no se ha objetivado signo de recidiva en ningún caso después de 4, 6 y 7 años de seguimiento respectivamente. Revisando la literatura se trata de un tumor indistinguible clínica y radiológicamente del meningioma típico, haciendo necesario el uso de pruebas inmunohistoquímicas para realizar el diagnóstico diferencial, donde la positividad para el CD34 y la negatividad para el EMA definen al tumor fibroso solitario. Se trata de un tumor benigno, en el que la resección total es el principal factor pronóstico; no obstante, se han descrito casos de recidivas locales y metástasis a distancia. Todas estas características las encontramos en los casos presentados en el presente trabajo, quedando la incertidumbre de su capacidad de recidiva local o sistémica en el futuro

We report 3 patients with fibrous solitary tumor of meningeal location where we described the histological study, as well as evolution after the surgical treatment.The described patients presented ages of 37, 52 and 65years, after the resection has not appeared an objective sign of recurrence in any case after 4, 6 and 7 years of follow-up respectively. Checking the literature the tumor is indistinguishable clinical and radiolocally of the typical meningioma, doing necessary the use of inmunohistochemistry todo the differential diagnosis, where positiveness forCD34 and the negativeness for EMA define the fibrous solitary tumor. It is about a benign tumor, where total removing is the principal factor in prognosis, nevertheless there are cases of local recurrences and long-distance metastasis. We can find all these characteristics in the showed cases of the present article, having the uncertainty of its local or systemic relapse ability in the future

[Protective effects of the growth hormone (GH) on the irradiated spinal cord in rats]. / Radioprotección de la médula espinal mediante la hormona de crecimiento (GH). Estudio experimental en ratas.

Radiotherapy or irradiation of SNC AVM's or tumors also presents a high risk for provoking lesions in adjacent surrounding tissue. The objective of our study is to demonstrate radiotherapy induced alterations in a rat spinal cord model and evaluate the protective effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on rats exposed to high radiotherapy doses. The experimental study employed two groups of Wistar rats: Group A (control group):10 rats, which received 30 Gy at the spinal cord . Group B: 10 rats, these animals received 30 Gy and dose of 2mg/kg/day GH. Growth hormone administration was begun three days before radiotherapy and continued until two days after radiotherapy for a total of six days. At 14 days postradiotherapy, all the rats were sacrificed and the spinal cord extracted immediately. Hematoxyline-eosine histologic studies showed that control animals only exposed to radiotherapy had severe alterations with hemorrhage and vacuolisation of the entire irradiated segment while these alterations were much less severe in the GH-treated group. In conclusion, 30 Gy irradiation produced morphological changes including vascular endothelial oedema, necrosis, hemorrhage, and inflammatory exudates. A 2 mg/kg/day dose of GH protected the rat spinal cord against the noxious effects of the radiotherapy, decreasing the clinical, macro and microscopic damage in the treated animals.

Radioprotección de la médula espinal mediante la hormona de crecimiento (GH). Estudio experimental en ratas / Protective effects of the growth hormone (GH) on the irradiated spinal cord in rats

La radioterapia empleada en el tratamiento de los tumores o malformaciones vasculares del SNC presenta riesgo de causar lesiones en los tejidos adyacentes. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es demostrar las alteraciones provocadas por la radioterapia en la medula espinal de ratas a altas dosis y el valorar el efecto protector de la hormona de crecimiento (GH). El estudio experimental fue realizado con dos grupos de ratas Wistar. Grupo A (grupo control): Constó de 10 ratas que se irradiaron con 30 Gy en la medula espinal. Grupo B: Fue un grupo de 10 ratas irradiadas con 30Gy a las que se administró 2mg/kg/día de GH tres días previos a la radioterapia, el día de la radioterapia, y dos días después. A los 14 días de la radioterapia fueron perfundidas mostrando el estudio histológico de la médula espinal de las ratas tratadas sólo con radioterapia de forma intensa, hemorragias y trombosis de capilares. Al grupo a las que se administró GH mostró una importante disminución de las lesiones. En resumen la radioterapia administrada en dosis de30 Gy causa cambios morfológicos como edema lesión del endotelio vascular, necrosis, hemorragias, exudado inflamatorio. La dosis de 2mg/kg/día ejerce un efecto protector en la medula espinal de ratas tras la administración de radioterapia disminuyendo el daño macro y microscópico en las ratas estudiadas

Radiotherapy or irradiation of SNC AVM's or tumors also presents a high risk for provoking lesions in adjacent surrounding tissue. The objective of our study is to demonstrate radiotherapy induced alterations in a rat spinal cord model and evaluate the protective effect of Growth Hormone(GH) on rats exposed to high radiotherapy doses. The experimental study employed two groups of Wistar rats: Group A (control group):10 rats, which received 30 Gy at the spinal cord . Group B: 10 rats, these animals received 30 Gy and dose of 2mg/kg/day GH. Growth hormone administration was begun three days before radiotherapy and continued until two days after radiotherapy for a total of six days. At 14 days postradio therapy, all the rats were sacrificed and the spinal cord extracted immediately. Hematoxy line-eosine histologic studies showed that control animals only exposed to radiotherapy had severe alterations with hemorrhage and vacuolisation of the entire irradiated segment while these alterations were much less severe in the GH-treated group. In conclusion, 30 Gy irradiation produced morphological changes including vascular endothelial oedema, necrosis, hemorrhage, and inflamantory exudates. A2 mg/kg/day dose of GH protected the rat spinal cord against the noxious effects of the radiotherapy, decreasing the clinical, macro and microscopic damage in the treated animals

[Causes of reoperations in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis treated with instrumentations]. / Causas de reintervención quirúrgica en pacientes con fijación lumbar intervenidospor estenosis de canal.

OBJECTIVE: In present study we analyze the causes leading to reoperation patients treated for lumbar spinal stenosis with laminectomy and lumbar instrumentation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 74 patients operated between January of 1996 and December of 2000 with a minimum 4 year follow-up were seleted for the study. RESULTS: 16 patients (21.1%) underwent a new surgical intervention. The main cause for reoperation was stenosis of the adjacent level superiorly to the instrumentation (in 50%). Other causes were radicular fibrosis, persistence of stenosis after the surgery, neuropatic pain, failure of the instrumentation system, transpedicular screws misplacement and break of screws. CONCLUSIONS: Complications related with the initial surgical procedure are low, as half of the reoperations were due to stenosis of the segment superior to the fixation.

Causas de reintervención quirúrgica en pacientes con fijación lumbar intervenidos por estenosis de canal / Causes of reoperations in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis treated with instrumentations

Objetivo. En el presente trabajo analizamos las causas por las que se ha debido reintervenir a pacientes diagnosticados de estenosis de canal que habían sido tratados mediante descompresión quirúrgica y fijación lumbar. Material y métodos. Seleccionamos 74 pacientes entre enero de 1996 y diciembre de 2000 con un seguimiento mínimo de 4 años. Resultados. 16 (21,1%) fueron sometidos a una nueva intervención quirúrgica. La principal causa fue la estenosis de niveles adyacentes superiores a la instrumentación (en el 50%). Otras causas fueron la fibrosis perirradicular, la persistencia de estenosis tras la cirugía, el dolor neuropático, la desconexión del sistema de fijación, la compresión radicular por tornillos transpediculares y la rotura de tornillos. Conclusiones. Las complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica quirúrgica son bajas ya que la mitad de las reintervenciones en pacientes con estenosis del canal lumbar está producida por la estenosis del segmento superior a la fijación

Objective. In present study we analyzes the causes leading to reoperation patients treated for lumbar spinal stenosis with laminectomy and lumbar instrumentation. Material and methods. 74 patients operated between January of 1996 and December of 2000 with a minimum4 year follow-up were seleted for the study. Results. 16 patients (21 1%) underwent a new surgicall intervention. The main cause for reoperation was stenosis of the adjacent level superiorly to the instrumentation (in 50%). Other causes were radicular fibrosis, persistence of stenosis after the surgery, neuropatic pain, failure of the instrumentation system, transpedicular screws misplacement and break of screws. Conclusions. Complications related with the initial surgical procedure are low, as half of the reoperations were due to stenosis of the segment superior to the fixation

[Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis as the first manifestation of a renal carcinoma]. / Mestástasis intramedular como primera manifestación de un carcinoma renal

We present the case of a 69 year-old male without known antecedente who presented a clinical loss of distal force in his lower limbs during the last two months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an intramedullary spinal cord mass at the level of the medullaris cone. The patient was operated on; the histological diagnosis was clear cells carcinoma suggestive of metastasis from an unsuspected renal tumor that was later confirmed with an abdominal CT. When the patient's state is good, surgery can correct the neurological deficit produced by an intramedullary spinal cord lesion. The neurological state of our patient improved after the intervention, and 14 months after surgery, he has no neurological deficit in the lower limbs.

Metástasis intramedular como primera manifestación de un carcinoma renal / Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis as the first manifestation of a renal carcinoma

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 69 años sin patología previa de interés que presentó clínica de pérdida de fuerza distal en miembros inferiores de dos meses de evolución. La resonancia magnética (RM) mostró la presencia de una masa intramedular a nivel del cono. El paciente fue intervenido practicándose resección de la tumoración, mostrando el estudio histológico la presencia de un carcinoma de células claras correspondiente a una sospecha de metástasis de un tumor renal, que posteriormente se confirmó con una tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) abdominal. Cuando el estado del paciente es bueno, la cirugía puede subsanar el déficit neurológico producido por la lesión intramedular. Nuestro paciente, tras la intervención, mejoró su estado neurológico; y actualmente, tras 14 meses, se mantiene sin déficit neurológico en miembros inferiores

We present the case of a 69 year-old male without known antecedente who presented a clinical loss of distal force in his lower limbs during the last two months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an intramedullary spinal cord mass at the level of the medullaris cone. The patient was operated on; the histological diagnosis was clear cells carcinoma suggestive of metastasis from an unsuspected renal tumor that was later confirmed with an abdominal CT. When the patient's state is good, surgery can correct the neurological deficit produced by an intramedullary spinal cord lesion. The neurological state of our patient improved after the intervention, and 14 months after surgery, he has no neurological deficit in the lower limbs