Is it important to achieve physical activity recommendations at early stages of life to improve bone health?

Research in bone health during childhood is limited and important to prevent future diseases, particularly, osteoporosis. Bone parameters using DXA and pQCT in 295 Spanish children were evaluated and we found a benefit of meeting the World Health Organization physical activity recommendations in bone composition in childhood. PURPOSE: To investigate the association between physical activity (PA) and bone health in a Spanish paediatric cohort, considering the influence of meeting/not meeting the current World Health Organization (WHO) PA recommendations and to elucidate if there are differences between boys and girls. METHODS: In a cohort of children born in the region of Aragon (Spain) in 2009, followed until the age of 7 years, bone parameters were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (whole body scan) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) (tibia scanned at the 8% (distal) and 38% (diaphyseal) of the total tibia length) in 295 7-year-old children (154 boys) in the last evaluation performed between 2016 and 2017. PA was assessed using GT3X Actigraph accelerometers. RESULTS: Boys had significantly higher areal bone mineral density (aBMD), higher total bone mineral content (BMC) at the diaphyseal site and higher trabecular BMC and vBMD, and higher total bone area at the distal site than girls (p<0.01 for all of them). Both boys and girls complying with the WHO PA recommendations had significantly higher trabecular BMC than their inactive counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Meeting WHO PA recommendations has a beneficial effect in bone composition in childhood both in boys and in girls.

Associations between Physical Fitness, Bone Mass, and Structure in Older People.

The main aim was to analyse the associations between several physical fitness variables and bone parameters in a sample of elderly people. 129 participants (94 females and 35 males, 76.2 ± 5.4 y) from the EXERNET cohort of Zaragoza (Spain) were included in the study. Physical fitness was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test Battery. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at the tibia and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the hip and lumbar spine were used to assess bone and muscle parameters. Partial correlations were used to describe the associations between fitness and bone parameters. A stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the influence of fitness variables on bone parameters. In males, significant correlations were found between lower body strength and agility with bone total mineral density (Tt.BMD) (r = 0.41 and -0.50) and cortical thickness (r = 0.40 and -0.50, respectively) and walking speed with total and cortical density (r = -0.41 and -0.40, respectively), all measured at tibia (all p < 0.05). Regarding DXA, neck areal bone mineral density (aBMD) correlated with flexibility (r = -0.37) and walking speed (r = 0.39) and Ward's triangle with walking speed (r = 0.39). Agility predicted Tt.BMD and cortical thickness (r 2 change = 24.8% and 23.0%), while walking speed predicted cortical bone mineral density (r 2 change = 19.5%) (all p < 0.05). Females showed correlations between balance and total hip aBMD (r = 0.27) and trochanter aBMD (r = 0.25). Balance predicted trochanter (r 2 change = 4.2%) and total hip aBMD (r 2 change = 4.9%) (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, bone mass in elderly males seems to be more influenced by physical fitness than in females, being agility and walking speed the variables showing greater associations. Other variables should be taken into account in females for future research.

Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite Pan-American race walking 20k / Características antropométricas, composición corporal y somatotipo de marchistas panamericanos de élite 20k

The anthropometric and somatotype evaluation is an essential tool in the selection and control of high-performance athletes. The aim of this study was to describe the somatotype and body composition of male elite race walkers (20 k modality), and its relationship with athletic performance. Twenty-four race walkers participated in this study. The sample was divided into two groups: the race walkers with the best performance (upper 25 percentile; n=7) and the second group (n=17) that corresponds to the rest of the participants. Weight (kg), height (cm), seven skinfolds, two diameters and five perimeters were measured. Body fat percentage (BF%) were estimated with the Yuhasz formula, and the somatotype was used applying the Heath-Carter method. The best performing athletes were taller (178.3 ± 4.4 cm vs. 173.7 ± 5.6 cm, p <0.05) and showed a greater ectomorphic component (p<0.05) than the rest of the participants. The somatotype of the best performance athletes was 2.2-2.8-4.1 against the 2.5-3.8-2.9 of the lowest performing athletes. The average time (hours, minute, seconds) of execution of the race in athletes of better performances was 1:22:40, in comparison with the athletes of lower performances with 1:32:41 (p<0.02). The ectomorphic component and height are morphological characteristics that can determine athletic performance of race walkers. It is suggested to consider these factors in the selection of the race walkers.

La evaluación antropométrica y del somatotipo es una importante herramienta en la selección y control de los atletas de alto rendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el somatotipo y composición corporal de hombres marchistas olímpicos, modalidad 20 k, y su relación con el rendimiento atlético. Veinticuatro atletas de marcha participaron en este estudio. La muestra fue dividida en dos grupos: los marchistas de mejores rendimientos p25 superior (n=7) y el segundo grupo (n=17) que corresponde al resto de los participantes. Se registró el peso (kg), talla (cm), siete pliegues cutáneos, dos diámetros y cinco perímetros. Se estimó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) con la fórmula de Yuhasz y se describió el somatotipo utilizando el método de Heath-Carter. Se reporta una mayor altura en los atletas de mejor rendimiento (178,3±4,4 cm vs. 173,7±5,6 cm; p<0,05) y mayor componente ectomorfico (p<0,05) que el resto de los participantes. El somatotipo de los atletas de mejor rendimiento fue de 2.2-2.8-4.1 frente al 2.5-3.8-2.9 de los atletas de menor rendimiento. El tiempo promedio (hora, minuto, segundo) de ejecución de la carrera en atletas de mejores rendimientos fue de 1:22:40, en comparación con los atletas de menores rendimientos con 1:32:41 (p <0,02). El componente ectomórfico y altura serian características morfológicas que pueden determinar el rendimiento deportivo de atletas de marcha. Se sugiere considerar estos factores en la selección de los marchistas olímpicos.

The muscle-bone unit in adolescent swimmers.

Most researchers adjust bone by lean mass when comparing swimmers with controls. This adjustment is done under the assumption that lean affects bone similarly in both groups. Nonetheless, we found that the muscle-bone association is uncoupled in swimmers, and consequently, researchers should avoid this adjustment when evaluating swimmers' bone. INTRODUCTION: To examine the functional and structural muscle-bone unit in adolescent swimmers. METHODS: Sixty-five swimmers (34 girls/31 boys) and 119 controls (51 girls/68 boys) participated in the study. Muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA), bone mineral content (BMC), and polar strength-strain index (SSIPOL) were measured in the non-dominant radius by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Subtotal BMC and lean mass were evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Handgrip and isometric knee extension (IKE) tests were performed to determine muscle force. The effect of MCSA, lean and force on SSIPOL, and BMC were tested, and the functional and structural muscle-bone ratios of swimmers and controls were compared. RESULTS: Both muscle size (MCSA and lean) and muscle force (handgrip and IKE) influenced BMC and SSIPOL in swimmers and controls similarly. Swimmers presented normal MCSA and lean values for their height, but when compared with controls, swimmers presented a higher amount of lean and MCSA for the same BMC or SSIPOL (structural muscle-bone unit). For the functional muscle-bone unit, different results were found for the lower and upper limbs, as no differences were found for the upper limbs, while for the lower limbs, swimmers presented higher muscle force for the same amount of BMC. CONCLUSIONS: The contradictory results regarding BMC in swimmers found in previous studies could partly be explained with the findings of the present study that reinforce the idea that swimming is not an effective sport to practice regarding bone mass and that the muscle-bone unit is different in swimmers than in controls.

Do 6 months of whole-body vibration training improve lean mass and bone mass acquisition of adolescent swimmers?

Swimming has little effect on bone mass. Therefore, adolescent swimmers should complement their water training with a short and intense weight-bearing training, aiming to increase their bone acquisition. Forty swimmers performed a six-month whole-body vibration (WBV) training. WBV had no effect on adolescent swimmers' bone mass or lean mass. PURPOSE: The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of a whole-body vibration (WBV) intervention on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and lean mass (LM) in adolescent swimmers. METHODS: Forty male and female adolescent swimmers (VIB; mean age 14.2 ± 1.9 years) completed the WBV protocol that consisted of 15 min of training 3 days per week during a 6-month period (ranging from 3.6 to 11.6 g), while 23 swimmers (SWI; mean age 15.0 ± 2.2 years) continued with their regular swimming training alone. VIB were divided into tertiles according to training compliance in order to evaluate if any dose-effect relation existed. BMD, BMC and LM were measured longitudinally by dual energy X-ray at the whole body, lumbar-spine and hip. RESULTS: No group by time interactions and no differences in change percentage were found for BMD, BMC or LM in any of the measured variables. The mean change percentage of the subtotal body (whole body minus the head) for VIB and SWI, respectively, was 2.3 vs. 2.4% for BMD, 5.7 vs 5.7% for BMC and 7.3 vs. 8.0% for lean mass. Moreover, no indication for dose-response was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed WBV protocol had no effect on BMD, BMC and LM in adolescent swimmers. Other types of training should be used in this population to improve both bone and lean mass.

Swimming and bone: Is low bone mass due to hypogravity alone or does other physical activity influence it?

UNLABELLED: Swimming during adolescence has shown neutral or even negative effects on bone mass. Nevertheless, it is still unknown if these effects are due to swimming or to other factors, such as sedentary behaviors. INTRODUCTION: Three objectives were described (1) to measure objective physical activity (PA) additional to swimming performed by adolescent swimmers (SWI) and compare it to that performed by normo-active controls (CG), (2) to describe the relationship between objectively measured PA and bone mass, and (3) to compare bone mass of swimmers that meet the World Health Organization PA guidelines (active) WHO and those that do not (inactive). METHODS: A total of 71 SWI (33 females) and 41 CG (17 females) wore an accelerometer for at least 4 days. PA was expressed as the amount of time (minutes/day) in each intensity [sedentary/light/moderate or vigorous (VPA), and the sum of moderate and vigorous (MVPA)]. Using the cutoff points proposed by Vanhelst et al. SWI were classified as active or inactive according to whether they reached 60 min of weight-bearing MVPA per day or not. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone strength values were calculated with peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Differences in PA intensities were calculated between SWI and CG. The relation of VPA to bone mass was studied in the SWI. RESULTS: Male-SWI spend less time in VPA and MVPA than male-GC, which partly explains the lower BMD values in SWI than CG. CONCLUSION: Swimming may displace weight-bearing VPA with serious implications on bone health.

Bone structure of adolescent swimmers; a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) study.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were: (1) to characterize vBMD, bone structure and strength with peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT) in adolescent swimmers and compare it to normo-active controls (CG); and (2) to evaluate the possible interaction that weight-bearing sports might have on swimmers bone. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: The non-dominant radius and tibia of 79 (32 females) swimmers and 49 (22 females) CG (both 11-18 years old) were evaluated at proximal and distal sites with a pQCT scanner. Values of total, trabecular and cortical volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) were obtained from each scan. Cortical thickness, endosteal and periosteal circumferences were also measured and bone strength indexes were calculated. Analyses of covariance were used to compare variables between groups adjusting for age, tanner stage and bone length. Three different analyses were performed according to present and past sport participation in addition to swimming in order to determine differences among swimmers who had performed or were performing other sports (OTHER-SP) (10 females/17 males) and swimmers who had not performed other sports (NO-OTHER-SP) (22 females/22 males). Both of these groups were compared to each other and to a CG (22 females/27 males). RESULTS: No differences were found between swimmers and CG for bone strength indexes, structure or vBMD (independently of the compared sample). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that swimmers present similar bone strength and structure than CG who did not present high physical activity levels.

The effects of swimming training on bone tissue in adolescence.

The aim was to analyze bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in regular swimming trained adolescents and the interaction that weigh-bearing sports may have on these values. Bone mass was evaluated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in 77 swimmers (34 females/43 males) and 52 normoactive controls (CG; 23 females/29 males) from 11 to 18 years. Swimmers who had performed or were performing other sports (OSP; 11 females/20 males) were compared with pure swimmers (PSW; 23 females/23 males). Both groups were compared with CG. Bone values were compared using analyses of covariance adjusting for height, calcium intake, subtotal lean (whole body lean minus head), and pubertal status. Male PSW showed lower BMD and BMC at several sites than male CG. However, for male OSP, only lumbar spine BMC was lower in OSP than male CG. Male PSW showed lower BMD and BMC when compared with male OSP. Female PSW showed higher arm BMD and lower leg BMC than female CG, while female OSP only presented lower leg BMC than female CG. Contrary to males, female-PSW presented higher BMD and BMC than female OSP. No differences in QUS values were found between swimmers and CG. To summarize, although more information is needed for females, it seems that for males, swimming is associated with lower BMC and BMD.

Efectos del entrenamiento pliométrico sobre la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de niños y adolescentes con síndrome de Down / Effects of a circuit training including plyometric jumps on cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents with Down syndrome

Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de 21 semanas de entrenamiento en circuito, incluyendo saltos pliométricos sobre la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de jóvenes con síndrome de Down (SD). Método: Veintisiete jóvenes con SD de entre 10 y 19 años participaron en este estudio. Los participantes se dividieron en dos grupos: ejercicio (EJE; n= 14) y control (CON; n=13). Antes y después de la realización del programa de entrenamiento se midieron los siguientes parámetros: tiempo de trabajo, valores máximos de consumo de oxígeno, cociente respiratorio, frecuencia cardíaca y ventilación minuto de los participantes mediante una prueba de esfuerzo progresiva en tapiz rodante. Resultados: Los participantes del grupo EJE aumentaron todos los parámetros cardiovasculares en comparación con su valor basal, después del entrenamiento (todos p< 0,05). Además, a pesar de tener unos valores similares antes del entrenamiento, el grupo EJE mostró valores más elevados que el grupo CON después del entrenamiento (todos p<0,05). Conclusión: Se puede concluir que los jóvenes con síndrome de Down pueden conseguir mejoras en diversos parámetros cardiorrespiratorios tras la ejecución de 21 semanas de entrenamiento con ejercicios pliométricos (AU)

Aim: To ascertain the effects of 21 weeks of circuit training, including plyometric jumps, on cardiorespiratory fitness of youths with Down’s syndrome (DS). Methods: Twenty-seven children and adolescent aged 10 to 19 years with DS participated in this study and were divided in two groups: exercise (EXE, n=14) and control (CON, n=13). Work time, peak values of oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and minute ventilation of the participants were measured pre- and post-training with a graded exercise treadmill test. Results: EXE group increased all their cardiorespiratory parameters compared to baseline after 21 weeks of training (all P<.05). Additionally, and despite having similar pre-training values, the EXE group showed higher values than the CON group in all cardiorespiratory parameters after training (all P<.05). Conclusion: It may be concluded that youths with Down syndrome can achieve improvements in several cardiorespiratory parameters when performing 21 weeks of training including plyometric exercises (AU)

Swimming training repercussion on metabolic and structural bone development; benefits of the incorporation of whole body vibration or pilometric training; the RENACIMIENTO project.

INTRODUCTION: Enviromental factors such as exercise participation and nutrition have often been linked to bone improvements. However, not all sports have the same effects, being non-osteogenic sports such as swimming defined as negative or neutral sports to practice regarding bone mass by some authors, similarly exercise-diet interaction in especific groups is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: To present the methodology of the RENACIMENTO project that aims to evaluate body composition and more specifically bone mass by several techniques in adolescent swimmers and to observe the effects and perdurability of whole body vibration (WBV) and jumping intervention (JIN) on body composition and fitness on this population and explore posible diet interactions. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: 78 swimmers (12-17 y) and 26 sex- and age-matched controls will participate in this study. Dual energy X-ray, peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography, Quantitative Ultrasound, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, and anthropometry measurements will be performed in order to evaluate body composition. Physical activity, nutrition, pubertal development and socio-economical status may act as confounders of body composition and therefore will also be registered. Several fitness factors regarding strength, endurance, performance and others will also be registered to evaluate differences with controls and act as confounders. A 7-month WBV therapy will be performed by 26 swimmers consisting of a training of 15 minutes 3 times per week. An 8 month JIM will also be performed by 26 swimmers 3 times per week. The remaining 26 swimmers will continue their normal swimming training. Four evaluations will be performed, the first one in order to describe differences between swimmers and controls. The second one to describe the effects of the interventions and the third and fourth evaluations to describe the perdurability of the effects of the WBV and JIN. CONCLUSION: The RENACIMIENTO project will allow to answer several questions regarding body composition, fitness, bone mass and interaction with diet of adolescent swimmers, describe swimming as a positive, negative or neutral sport to practice regarding these parameters and elucidate the effects and perdurability of WBV and JIM on body composition.

Introducción: En la actualidad se ha demostrado que el ejercicio físico y la nutrición mejoran la masa ósea. Sin embargo, existen deportes de bajo impacto como la natación que no presentan efectos positivos en su desarrollo. Además, la interacción ejercicio-dieta y su efecto osteogénico sigue sin estar clara. Objetivo: Presentar la metodología del proyecto RENACIMIENTO que tiene por objetivo evaluar la composición corporal del nadador adolescente y más concretamente la masa ósea a través de diversas técnicas. Además se pretenden determinar los efectos y la perdurabilidad que pueden tener el entrenamiento vibratorio (WBV) y una intervención con saltos (JIN) sobre la composición corporal y condición física de estos adolescentes, explorando la posible interacción con la dieta. Diseño: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Metodología: 78 nadadores (12-17 años) y 26 controles del mismo sexo y edad participarán en el estudio. Se utilizarán absorciometría dual de rayos-x, tomografía axial computerizada, ultrasonidos cuantitativo, bioimpedancia eléctrica, y medidas antropométricas para evaluar la composición corporal. La actividad física, nutrición, desarrollo puberal y status socio-económico podrían actuar como covariables de la composición corporal y por lo tanto también serán registradas. Se evaluarán diversos factores de la condición física relacionados con la fuerza, resistencia, rendimiento y otros para definir las diferencias con los controles y para que sirvan como covariables. 26 nadadores realizarán una intervención de WBV 7 meses 15 minutos 3 veces por semana. Además otros 26 nadadores realizarán una JIN 3 veces por semana durante 8 meses. Los 26 nadadores restantes continuarán con su entrenamiento habitual de natación. Se realizaran 4 evaluaciones, la primera de ellas para describir las diferencias existentes entre nadadores y controles, la segunda para describir los efectos de las intervenciones realizadas y la tercera y cuarta para evaluar la perdurabilidad de estas intervenciones. Conclusión: El proyecto RENACIMIENTO permitirá contestar a diversas preguntas relacionadas con la composición corporal, condición física y masa ósea de los nadadores adolescentes y el posible efecto combinado dieta-ejercicio en esta población. Definirá la natación como un deporte positivo, neutral o negativo en relación con estos parámetros y esclarecerá los efectos y perdurabilidad de la WBV y JIN sobre la composición corporal.

Swimming training repercussion on metabolic and structural bone development; benefits of the incorporation of whole body vibration or pilometric training; the RENACIMIENTO Project / Repercusión del entrenamiento y la práctica de la natación sobre el desarrollo metabólico y estructural del hueso en crecimiento; beneficios de la incorporación de entrenamiento pilométrico o vibratorio; el estudio RENACIMIENTO

Introduction: Enviromental factors such as exercise participation and nutrition have often been linked to bone improvements. However, not all sports have the same effects, being non-osteogenic sports such as swimming defined as negative or neutral sports to practice regarding bone mass by some authors, similarly exercise diet interaction in especific groups is still not clear. Objective: To present the methodology of the RENACIMENTO project that aims to evaluate body composition and more specifically bone mass by several techniques in adolescent swimmers and to observe the effects and perdurability of whole body vibration (WBV) and jumping intervention (JIN) on body composition and fitness on this population and explore possible diet interactions. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 78 swimmers (12-17 y) and 26 sex- and agematched controls will participate in this study. Dual energy X-ray, peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography, Quantitative Ultrasound, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, and anthropometry measurements will be performed in order to evaluate body composition. Physical activity, nutrition, pubertal development and socio-economical status may act as confounders of body composition and therefore will also be registered. Several fitness factors regarding strength, endurance, performance and others will also be registered to evaluate differences with controls and act as confounders. A 7- month WBV therapy will be performed by 26 swimmers consisting of a training of 15 minutes 3 times per week. An 8 month JIM will also be performed by 26 swimmers 3 times per week. The remaining 26 swimmers will continue their normal swimming training. Four evaluations will be performed, the first one in order to describe differences between swimmers and controls. The second one to describe the effects of the interventions and the third and fourth evaluations to describe the perdurability of the effects of the WBV and JIN. Conclusion: The RENACIMIENTO project will allow to answer several questions regarding body composition, fitness, bone mass and interaction with diet of adolescent swimmers, describe swimming as a positive, negative or neutral sport to practice regarding these parameters and elucidate the effects and perdurability of WBV and JIM on body composition (AU)

Introducción: En la actualidad se ha demostrado que el ejercicio físico y la nutrición mejoran la masa ósea. Sin embargo, existen deportes de bajo impacto como la natación que no presentan efectos positivos en su desarrollo. Además, la interacción ejercicio-dieta y su efecto osteogénico sigue sin estar clara. Objetivo: Presentar la metodología del proyecto RENACIMIENTO que tiene por objetivo evaluar la composición corporal del nadador adolescente y más concretamente la masa ósea a través de diversas técnicas. Además se pretenden determinar los efectos y la perdurabilidad que pueden tener el entrenamiento vibratorio (WBV) y una intervención con saltos (JIN) sobre la composición corporal y condición física de estos adolescentes, explorando la posible interacción con la dieta. Diseño: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Metodología: 78 nadadores (12-17 años) y 26 controles del mismo sexo y edad participarán en el estudio. Se utilizarán absorciometría dual de rayos-x, tomografía axial computerizada, ultrasonidos cuantitativo, bioimpedancia eléctrica, y medidas antropométricas para evaluar la composición corporal. La actividad física, nutrición, desarrollo puberal y status socio-económico podrían actuar como covariables de la composición corporal y por lo tanto también serán registradas. Se evaluarán diversos factores de la condición física relacionados con la fuerza, resistencia, rendimiento y otros para definir las diferencias con los controles y para que sirvan como covariables. 26 nadadores realizarán una intervención de WBV 7 meses 15 minutos 3 veces por semana. Además otros 26 nadadores realizarán una JIN 3 veces por semana durante 8 meses. Los 26 nadadores restantes continuarán con su entrenamiento habitual de natación. Se realizaran 4 evaluaciones, la primera de ellas para describir las diferencias existentes entre nadadores y controles, la segunda para describir los efectos de las intervenciones realizadas y la tercera y cuarta para evaluar la perdurabilidad de estas intervenciones. Conclusión: El proyecto RENACIMIENTO permitirá contestar a diversas preguntas relacionadas con la composición corporal, condición física y masa ósea de los nadadores adolescentes y el posible efecto combinado dieta-ejercicio en esta población. Definirá la natación como un deporte positivo, neutral o negativo en relación con estos parámetros y esclarecerá los efectos y perdurabilidad de la WBV y JIN sobre la composición corporal (AU)

Do calcium and vitamin D intake influence the effect of cycling on bone mass through adolescence? / ¿Influye la ingesta de calcio y vitamina D en el efecto del ciclismo sobre la masa ósea durante la adolescencia?

INTRODUCTION: Cycling has been associated with decreased bone mass during adolescence. Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (VitD) intake are associated to bone mass and may be important confounders when studying bone mass.AIM: To clarify the effect that Ca and VitD may have on bone mass in adolescent cyclists. METHODS: Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of 39 male adolescents (20 cyclists) were measured. Ca and VitD intake were also registered. Different ANCOVA analyses were performed in order to evaluate the influence of Ca and VitD on BMC and BMD. RESULTS: Cyclists showed lower values of BMC and BMD than controls at several sites and when adjusting by Ca, Wards triangle BMD appeared also to be lower in cyclists than controls. CONCLUSION: Nutritional aspects might partially explain differences regarding bone mass in adolescent cyclists and should be taken into account inbone mass analysis as important confounders (AU)

Introducción: El ciclismo se ha asociado con un descenso de la masa ósea durante la adolescencia. La ingesta de calcio (Ca) y vitamina D (VitD) repercute sobre la masa ósea llegando a ser factores de confusión importantes al estudiarla. Objetivo: Clarificar el efecto que el Ca y la VitD pueden tener sobre la masa ósea de ciclistas adolescentes. Métodos: se midió el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de 39 varones adolescentes (20 ciclistas). También se registró la ingesta de Ca y VitD. Se realizaron distintos análisis ANCOVA para evaluar la influencia del Ca y la VitD sobre el CMO y la DMO. Resultados: Los ciclistas mostraron menores valores de CMO y DMO que los controles en diversas zonas y, cuando se ajustó por Ca, la DMO del triángulo de Wards también pasó a ser menor en los ciclistas que en los controles. Conclusión: Los aspectos nutricionales podrían explicar en parte las diferencias de masa ósea en ciclistas adolescentes y deberían tenerse en cuenta en el análisis de masa ósea como factores de confusión importantes (AU)

The nutritional status in adolescent Spanish cyclists / Estado nutritivo de ciclistas adolescentes españoles

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is an important period of nutritional vulnerability due to the increased dietary requirements. Objective: To describe the nutritional status of adolescent cyclist and a group of normoactive controls. METHODS: The HELENA Dietary Assessment Tool was used to evaluate the nutritional intake of 20 adolescent cyclists and 17 controls. Total energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), total energy expenditure (TEE), macronutrients and several micronutrients were registered and compared with dietary guidelines. RESULTS: REE was lower and TEE higher in cyclists than in controls (both P < 0.01). Significant differences were observed in phosphorus and vitamin B1 being higher in cyclists (P < 0.05). Most participants, both cyclist and controls, did not reach the diet requirements for macronutrients, vitamins and minerals. CONCLUSION: Nutritional status of adolescent cyclists and controls seems not to fulfil the requirements in quantity and quality. Possible implications for actual and future health especially in athlete adolescents need further research (AU)

Introducción: La adolescencia es un periodo importante de vulnerabilidad nutricional dados las mayores demandas alimentarias. Objetivo: Describir el estado nutritivo de ciclistas adolescentes y de un grupo de controles con actividad normal. Métodos: Se utilizó la Herramienta de Evaluación Alimentaria HELENA para evaluar la ingesta nutricional de 20 ciclistas adolescentes y 17 controles. Se registraron la ingesta total de energía, el gasto de energía en reposo (GER), el gasto de energía total (GET), los macronutrientes y diversos micronutrientes y se compararon con las guías dietéticas. Resultados: El GER fue menor y el GTE mayor en los ciclistas que en los controles (ambos P < 0,01). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el fósforo y la vitamina B1, siendo mayores en los ciclistas (P < 0,05). La mayor parte de los participantes, tanto ciclistas como controles, no alcanzó los requerimientos en macronutrientes, vitaminas ni minerales. Conclusión: El estado nutritivo de los adolescentes ciclistas y de los controles parece no adecuarse a las recomendaciones de cantidad y calidad. Deberían investigarse las posibles implicaciones de la salud actual y futura, especialmente en los adolescentes atletas (AU)

Do calcium and vitamin D intake influence the effect of cycling on bone mass through adolescence?

INTRODUCTION: Cycling has been associated with decreased bone mass during adolescence. Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (VitD) intake are associated to bone mass and may be important confounders when studying bone mass. AIM: To clarify the effect that Ca and VitD may have on bone mass in adolescent cyclists. METHODS: Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of 39 male adolescents (20 cyclists) were measured. Ca and VitD intake were also registered. Different ANCOVA analyses were performed in order to evaluate the influence of Ca and VitD on BMC and BMD. RESULTS: Cyclists showed lower values of BMC and BMD than controls at several sites and when adjusting by Ca, Wards triangle BMD appeared also to be lower in cyclists than controls. CONCLUSION: Nutritional aspects might partially explain differences regarding bone mass in adolescent cyclists and should be taken into account in bone mass analysis as important confounders.

Introducción: El ciclismo se ha asociado con un descenso de la masa ósea durante la adolescencia. La ingesta de calcio (Ca) y vitamina D (VitD) repercute sobre la masa ósea llegando a ser factores de confusión importantes al estudiarla. Objetivo: Clarificar el efecto que el Ca y la VitD pueden tener sobre la masa ósea de ciclistas adolescentes. Métodos: se midió el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de 39 varones adolescentes (20 ciclistas). También se registró la ingesta de Ca y VitD. Se realizaron distintos análisis ANCOVA para evaluar la influencia del Ca y la VitD sobre el CMO y la DMO. Resultados: Los ciclistas mostraron menores valores de CMO y DMO que los controles en diversas zonas y, cuando se ajustó por Ca, la DMO del triángulo de Wards también pasó a ser menor en los ciclistas que en los controles. Conclusión: Los aspectos nutricionales podrían explicar en parte las diferencias de masa ósea en ciclistas adolescentes y deberían tenerse en cuenta en el análisis de masa ósea como factores de confusión importantes.

The nutritional status in adolescent Spanish cyclists.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is an important period of nutritional vulnerability due to the increased dietary requirements. OBJECTIVE: To describe the nutritional status of adolescent cyclist and a group of normoactive controls. METHODS: The HELENA Dietary Assessment Tool was used to evaluate the nutritional intake of 20 adolescent cyclists and 17 controls. Total energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), total energy expenditure (TEE), macronutrients and several micronutrients were registered and compared with dietary guidelines. RESULTS: REE was lower and TEE higher in cyclists than in controls (both P < 0.01). Significant differences were observed in phosphorus and vitamin B1 being higher in cyclists (P < 0.05). Most participants, both cyclist and controls, did not reach the diet requirements for macronutrients, vitamins and minerals. CONCLUSION: Nutritional status of adolescent cyclists and controls seems not to fulfil the requirements in quantity and quality. Possible implications for actual and future health especially in athlete adolescents need further research.

Introducción: La adolescencia es un periodo importante de vulnerabilidad nutricional dados las mayores demandas alimentarias. Objetivo: Describir el estado nutritivo de ciclistas adolescentes y de un grupo de controles con actividad normal. Métodos: Se utilizó la Herramienta de Evaluación Alimentaria HELENA para evaluar la ingesta nutricional de 20 ciclistas adolescentes y 17 controles. Se registraron la ingesta total de energía, el gasto de energía en reposo (GER), el gasto de energía total (GET), los macronutrientes y diversos micronutrientes y se compararon con las guías dietéticas. Resultados: El GER fue menor y el GTE mayor en los ciclistas que en los controles (ambos P < 0,01). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el fósforo y la vitamina B1, siendo mayores en los ciclistas (P < 0,05). La mayor parte de los participantes, tanto ciclistas como controles, no alcanzó los requerimientos en macronutrientes, vitaminas ni minerales. Conclusión: El estado nutritivo de los adolescentes ciclistas y de los controles parece no adecuarse a las recomendaciones de cantidad y calidad. Deberían investigarse las posibles implicaciones de la salud actual y futura, especialmente en los adolescentes atletas.