Efectividad de un programa para la prevención de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes universitarios

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa para prevención de consumo de sustancias en estudiantes de una universidad pública en Cartagena, Colombia. Metodología: Diseño cuasiexperimental, sin grupo control. La muestra fue de 1098 estudiantes de primer semestre de los programas académicos la Universidad de Cartagena. Las edades variaron entre 16 y 27 años (la media es de 7,0; y la desviación estándar, 1,8), con un registro de 472 mujeres (56,9 %) y 358 hombres (43,1 %). El grupo, en su totalidad, recibió el programa psicoeducativo Construyendo Salud, que consta de diez sesiones, de dos horas semanales, que refuerza habilidades sociales, personales y afronta los efectos negativos de las diferentes sustancias, mitos y realidades. Las escalas mostraron adecuada consistencia interna: escala de actitud hacia el consumo, intención hacia el consumo, autoeficacia general, asertividad, enfado, funcionamiento familiar, ansiedad y autoestima. Se compararon puntuaciones antes y después de la intervención, se aplicó t de Student y se aceptaron valores de p 0,05), cocaína (5,1 vs. 7,1 %; p> 0,05) e inyectables (4,3 vs. 5,7 %; p> 0,05). Se mejoraron la autoestima (t= 2,29; gl = 824; p< 0,02), el control de emociones (t= 2,13; gl = 813; p< 0,03) y el manejo de ansiedad (t= 3,06; gl = 805; p< 0,01). Conclusión: El programa mostró efectividad en reducir el consumo de alcohol, contuvo el consumo de marihuana y cocaína, fortaleció la autoestima, el control emocional y la ansiedad. No presentó efectividad para prevenir el inicio o la intención del consumo de sustancias.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a program for the prevention of substance use among students at a public university in Cartagena, Colombia. Methodology: Quasi-experimental design, without a control group. The sample consisted of 1098 first-semester students of academic programs at Universidad de Cartagena. Their ages ranged from 16 to 27 years (mean 7.0, standard deviation 1.8), including 472 females (56.9%) and 358 males (43.1%). The entire group participated in the psychoeducational program Construyendo Salud [Building Health], which consists of ten two-hour sessions per week. This program strengthens social and personal skills, and discusses the negative effects of different substances, including myths and realities. The scales showed adequate internal consistency: attitude scale towards consumption, intention towards consumption, general self-efficacy, assertiveness, anger, family functioning, anxiety, and self-esteem. Scores before and after the intervention were compared; student's t-test was applied and p values 0.05), cocaine (5.1 vs. 7.1 %; p > 0.05) and injectables (4.3 vs. 5.7 %; p > 0.05). Self-esteem (t = 2.29; gl = 824; p < 0.02), emotional control (t = 2.13; gl = 813; p < 0.03) and anxiety management (t = 3.06; gl = 805; p < 0.01) improved. Conclusion: The program proved effective in reducing alcohol consumption, restraining marijuana and cocaine use, and strengthening self-esteem, emotional control, and anxiety. However, it was not effective in preventing the initiation or intention of substance use.

Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de um programa de prevenção do consumo de substâncias em estudantes de uma universidade pública em Cartagena, Colômbia. Metodologia: Design quase-experimental, sem grupo de controle. A amostra foi de 1098 estudantes de primeiro semestre dos programas acadêmicos da Universidade de Cartagena. As idades variaram entre 16 e 27 anos (a média é de 7,0 e o desvio-padrão de 1,8), com um registro de 472 mulheres (56,9%) e 358 homens (43,1%). O grupo em sua totalidade participou do programa psico-educativo Construyendo Salud, composto por dez sessões de duas horas semanais, que reforça habilidades sociais, pessoais e encara os efeitos negativos das diferentes substâncias, seus mitos e realidades. As escalas mostraram adequada consistência interna: escala de atitude perante o consumo, intenção perante o consumo, autoeficácia geral, assertividade, enfado, funcionamento familiar, ansiedade e autoestima. Foram comparadas as medições antes e depois da intervenção, aplicou-se t de Student e foram aceitos valores de p 0,05), cocaína (5,1 vs. 7,1%; p > 0,05) e injetáveis (4,3 vs. 5,7%; p > 0,05). Houve melhora na autoestima (t = 2,29; gl = 824; p < 0,02), o controle de emoções (t = 2,13; gl = 813; p < 0,03) e o manejo da ansiedade (t = 3,06; gl = 805; p < 0,01). Conclusão: O programa mostrou efetividade na redução do consumo de álcool, conteve o consumo de maconha e cocaína, fortaleceu a autoestima, o controle emocional e a ansiedade. Não apresentou efetividade na prevenção do início ou da intenção do consumo de substâncias.

Variables asociadas al conocimiento y uso de citología cervicouterina en mujeres de una universidad de Cartagena, Colombia / Variables associated with the awareness and use of cervical cytology in women from a university in Cartagena (Colombia)

Introducción: Anualmente se diagnostican 500.000 casos nuevos de cáncer de cuello uterino, aproximadamente 80% ocurren en países en desarrollo. La baja incidencia de la enfermedad está relacionada con la presencia de programas de detección temprana. Objetivo: Determinar las variables sociodemográficas y familiares asociadas al conocimiento y uso adecuado de la citología cervicouterina (CCU) en mujeres de una Universidad de Cartagena. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico, con 259 mujeres, estudiantes y trabajadoras de una institución universitaria. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando una encuesta sociodemográfica, una de tipología familiar y preguntas que evaluaban los conocimientos y uso de la CCU. Resultados: 42,3% (109) pertenecían a familias nucleares, seguido de 29,5% (76) a familias atípicas. El 85,3% (221) conoce la citología cervical, la principal fuente de información son las instituciones de salud 22,4% (57). El 54,12% (140) de las mujeres tenía una citología previa, y el 26,5% (67) la realiza anualmente. El Conocimiento estuvo asociado a la percepción de funcionalidad familiar, (OR 2,1245 (1,0338-4,3662). Conclusiones: La percepción de disfuncionalidad familiar es un elemento que reduce la práctica de la citología entre las mujeres estudiadas, siendo más importante esta reducción entre las mujeres de estratos más bajos y sin afiliación en salud.

Introduction: 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed yearly, 80% of which belong to developing countries. The low incidence of this disease is related to implementation of early detection programs. Objective: To determine the sociodemographic and family variables associated with the knowledge and proper use of cervical cytology (CC) in female students from a University in Cartagena. Materials and methods: An analytical study was performed on 259 female students and female employees of a university. The data was collected using sociodemographic and family typology surveys together with questions assessing knowledge and use of CC. Results: 42.3% (109) of participants belonged to nuclear families, followed by atypical families (29.5%; 67). 85.3% (221) have knowledge about cervical cytology and the main source of information being health institutions (22.4%; 57). 54.12% (140) of the female participants had a previous cytology, and 26.5% (67) did it annually. Their knowledge was associated with the perception of family functionality (OR 2.1245 (1.0338-4.3662). Conclusions: Perception of family dysfunction is an element that reduces the practice of cytology in the women studied, this decrease being more important among women from lower social strata and not being covered by health insurance.

Factors associated with eating disorders in adolescents: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The World Health Organization has placed eating disorders among the priority mental illnesses for children and adolescents given the risk they imply for their health. Recognizing the risk factors associated with this problem can serve as the basis for the design of timely and effective interventions. The objective of the study was to identify the factors associated with eating behavior in adolescents through a systematic review. METHODS: Systematic review. Search of the literature in the bibliographic sources CINAHL, CUIDEN, Pubmed, Dialnet, SCIELO and Science Direct. The search was conducted in October and November 2020. The search terms were Eating Disorders, Food Intake, and Adolescents. The evaluation of the methodological quality was carried out using a specific guide for observational epidemiological studies. A narrative synthesis of the findings was made. Additionally, the vote counting and sign test technique was applied. RESULTS: 25 studies were selected. The associated factors were body dissatisfaction, female gender, depression, low self-esteem, higher BMI that increases the risk of eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS: a high impact of psychological factors was observed. These should be considered in the design of effective interventions to prevent this disease, although the search needs to be broadened to identify larger and more complex studies that allow for a more comprehensive review.

Ronda interdisciplinaria en cuidado intensivo: la visión de la enfermera / Rodada interdisciplinar em terapia intensiva: a enfermeira e sua visão / Interdisciplinary round in intensive care: the nurse perspective

La unidad de cuidado intensivo es un servicio especializado de alta complejidad en el cual sehace necesario una interacción constante entre la enfermera y el equipo interdisciplinario de salud.En este contexto las enfermeras identifican a la ronda interdisciplinaria como un mecanismo paracomunicarse y establecer planes de cuidados. Objetivo: Presentar la categoría: Rondainterdisciplinaria: acto de mayor interacción entre la enfermera y el equipo de salud.Metodología: Estudio cualitativo con las herramientas analíticas de la Teoría Fundamentadasegún Corbin y Strauss, realizado con enfermeras de una unidad de cuidado Intensivo adulto a través de entrevista en profundidad. Resultados: La ronda interdisciplinaria es uno de losencuentros de mayor interacción entre la enfermera y el equipo de salud, es un espacio académicoalrededor del cuidado en el cual es reconocido el saber y labor de enfermería buscando valorar ytomar decisiones para los pacientes. Conclusiones: Las enfermeras consideran que la rondainterdisciplinaria promueve la comunicación con el equipo de salud. Es una rutina clínica formaly programada en la cual cada disciplina tiene la oportunidad de intervenir desde susconocimientos y experiencias.(AU)

The intensive care unit is a specialized service of high complexity, where communicationbetween nurses and interdisciplinary healthcare workers is necessary. In this context, nursesidentify the interdisciplinary round as a mechanism to communicate and to stablish care plans.Objective: To present the category Interdisciplinary round: The moment with the most interactionbetween nurses and healthcare workers.Methodology: A qualitative study, using grounded theory(Corbin and Strauss) analytical tools, carried out with nurses from an adult intensive care unitthrough in-depth interviews. Results: The interdisciplinary round is one of the meetings with mostinteraction between nurses and healthcare workers. It is healthcare based academic setting, whereboth the knowledge and the hard work of nurses are recognized, seeking to evaluate and makedecisions to better help the patients. Conclusions: Nurses consider that interdisciplinary roundspromote constant communication with the healthcare team. It is a clinical routine, formal andscheduled, where each discipline has the opportunity to participate from their knowledge andexperiences.(AU)

A unidade de terapia intensiva é um serviço especializado de alta complexidade, na qual énecessária uma interação constante entre o enfermeiro e a equipe interdisciplinar de saúde. Nessecontexto, as enfermeiras identificam a rodada interdisciplinar como um mecanismo decomunicação e estabelecimento de planos de cuidados. Objetivo: Apresentar a categoria: Rodadainterdisciplinar: ato de maior interação entre a enfermeira e o equipe de saúde. Metodologia:Estudo qualitativo com as ferramentas analíticas da Teoria Fundamentada segundo Corbin eStrauss, realizado com enfermeiras de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva para adultos através daentrevista em profundidade. Resultados: A rodada interdisciplinar é um dos encontros de maiorinteração entre a enfermeira e a equipe de saúde, é um espaço acadêmico em torno do cuidado noqual é reconhecido o saber e trabalho de enfermagem procurando valorizar e tomar decisões paraos pacientes. Conclusões: As enfermeiras consideram que a rodada interdisciplinar promove acomunicação constante com a equipe de saúde. É uma rotina clínica formal e programada na qualcada disciplina tem a oportunidade de intervir desde seus conhecimentos e experiências.(AU)

Estructura dimensional e interna de la escala de Zung para depresión en personas dedicadas al reciclaje de residuos urbanos / Dimensional and internal structure of the Zung' self-rating depression scale in urban recyclable waste pickers

La estructura dimensional e interna de los instrumentos puede variar significativamente según la población. El objetivo del estudio fue corroborar la estructura dimensional e interna de la escala de breve de Zung en personas dedicadas al reciclaje de residuos urbanos. Se diseñó un estudio metodológico. Una muestra de 206 adultos, entre 18 y 70 años (M=37,7; SD=12,5); 147 hombres y 59 mujeres. Los participantes diligenciaron los diez ítems de la escala. La estructura dimensional se probó mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y calcularon índices de bondad del ajuste: chi cuadrado, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation), CFI (Comparative Fit Index), TLI (índice de Tucker-Lewis) y SMSR (Standardized Mean Square Residual). La estructura interna se probó con alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Se probó la estructura bidimensional: el primer factor (ánimo deprimido-ansiedad) y el segundo (anhedonia-cognición). Los índices de ajuste fueron chi cuadrado=126,83, grados de libertad=34, p=0,001; RMSEA=0,115 (IC90% 0,094-0,137), CFI=0,851, TLI=0,802 y SRMS=0,075. La primera dimensión mostró alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald de 0,80; y la segunda, alfa de 0,71 y omega de 0,72. No se corroboró la estructura de la escala de Zung para depresión. Una muestra mayor puede dar información más concluyente.

The dimensional and internal structure of the instruments can vary significantly according to the population. The objective of the study was to corroborate the dimensional and internal structure of the Zung's brief scale in people dedicated to the recycling of urban waste. A methodological study was designed. A sample of 206 adults, between 18 and 70 years (M=37.7, SD=12.5); 147 men and 59 women. Participants completed the ten items of the scale. The dimensional structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and calculated goodness-of-fit indexes: chi-square, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation), CFI (Comparative Fit Index), TLI (Tucker-Lewis index) and SMSR (Standardized Mean Square Residual). The internal structure was tested with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. The two-dimensional structure was tested: the first factor (depressed mood-anxiety) and the second (anhedonia-cognition). The fit indices were chi square=126.83, degrees of freedom=34, p=0.001; RMSEA=0.115 (IC90% 0.094-0.137), CFI=0.851, TLI=0.802, and SRMS=0.075. The first dimension showed both Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega of 0.80; and the second, alpha of 0.71 and omega of 0.72. The structure of the Zung scale for depression was not corroborated. A larger sample can give more conclusive information.

Relación entre autorreconocimiento étnico-racial, experiencias de discriminación y consumo problemático de alcohol en recicladores de residuos urbanos / Relationship between ethno-racial self-recognition, experiences of discrimination and problematic alcohol consumption among urban recyclable waste pickers

El auto-reconocimiento racial y las experiencias de discriminación incrementan el riesgo de consumo problemático de alcohol (CPA). Sin embargo, conoce poco sobre esa asociación en personas dedicadas al reciclaje de residuos urbanos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar la relación entre autorreconocimiento racial, experiencias de discriminación y consumo problemático de alcohol en personas dedicadas al reciclaje de residuos urbanos de Cartagena, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio transversal. Se contó con una muestra no probabilística de adultos que completó información demográfica, auto-reconocimiento étnico-racial, la escala de discriminación en la vida cotidiana y el cuestionario CAGE (CPA). Participaron 206 personas en edades entre 18 y 70 años (M=37,7; SD=12,5); 71,4% hombres y 28,4% mujeres, 39,3% se reconocieron como afrocolombianos, indígenas o raizales (ARAIR) y 60,7% como de otro grupo étnico-racial, 59,2% personas informaron frecuentes experiencias de discriminación y 15,5% presentaron CPA. El ARAIR mostró asociación significativa (OR=3,18; IC95% 1,44-6,99) al CPA, después de ajustar por sexo, y frecuentes experiencias de discriminación fue independiente del CPA (OR=1,16; IC95% 0,51-2,60). En personas dedicadas al reciclaje de residuos urbanos, el CPA se asocia ARAIR y es independiente de las experiencias de discriminación. Se necesita mayor investigación en esta área.

Racial self-identification and experiences of discrimination increase the risk of problematic alcohol consumption (PAC). However, it knows little about this association in people dedicated to recyclable waste recyclable waste picking. The objective of the present study was to explore the relationship between racial self-identification, experiences of discrimination and PCA in recyclable waste pickers in Cartagena, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed. A non-probabilistic sample of adults completed demographic information, ethnic-racial self-identification, the everyday life discrimination scale (ELDS), and the CAGE questionnaire (CPA). Participants included 206 people aged between 18 and 70 years (M=37.7, SD=12.5); 71.4% men and 28.4% women, 39.3% were self-identified as Afro-Colombian, indigenous or raizal (SIAIR) and 60.7% as of another ethnic-racial group, 59.2% reported high frequency of discrimination experience and 15.5% presented PAC. The SIAIR showed significant association with PAC (OR=3.18, 95%CI 1.44-6.99), after adjusting for sex, and high frequency of experience of discrimination was independent of PAC (OR=1.12; 95%CI 0.50-2.52). Among urban recyclable waste pickers, PAC is associated with SIAIR and it is independent of the experiences of discrimination. More research is needed in this area.

Determinantes familiares de cobertura de vacunación en menores de 5 años. Area rural, Cartagena / Family determinants of vaccination coverage in children under 5 years of age. Rural area, Cartagena

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el perfil familiar relacionado con la cobertura de vacunación en niños menores de 5 años del área rural, Cartagena. Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal, con muestra de 420 niños menores de 5 años, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados, mediante fijación proporcional. Se aplicó una encuesta de perfil familiar, APGAR familiar y formato de vacunación "Evaluación de la cobertura, oportunidad y esquema completo del programa permanente" según Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia. En la evaluación de la tipología familiar se encontró que el 49,8% son familias nucleares y 74,5% funcionales, el cuidador principal es la madre. Los menores viven en familias de 4 a 6 miembros, sostenidas económicamente con 1 SMLV, afiliados al régimen subsidiado. La funcionalidad familiar se asoció con mayor cobertura con el refuerzo de triple viral (71,2%). Se concluyó que un mayor apoyo y acercamiento familiar fortalece los patrones de cuidado y el manejo de la salud en los menores de 5 años por medio de prácticas saludables como la vacunación para la promoción de la salud y la prevención de enfermedades.

The objective of the study was to determine the family profile related to vaccination coverage in children under 5 years of age in rural areas, Cartagena. A transversal analytical study was carried out, with a sample of 420 children under 5 years old, selected by random sampling by conglomerates, by means of proportional fixation. A survey of family profile, family APGAR and vaccination format was applied "Evaluation of the coverage, opportunity and complete scheme of the permanent program" according to the Ministry of Social Protection of Colombia. In the evaluation of the family typology, it was found that 49.8% are nuclear families and 74.5% functional; the main caregiver is the mother. The minors live in families of 4 to 6 members, supported economically with 1 SMLV, affiliated to the subsidized regime. Family functionality was associated with greater coverage with viral triple reinforcement (71.2%). It was concluded that a greater support and family approach strengthens the patterns of care and health management in children under 5 years through healthy practices such as vaccination for health promotion and disease prevention.

Condiciones de trabajo en recicladores de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia / Conditions of work in waste pickers of the city of Cartagena, Colombia

Determinar las Condiciones de trabajo en recicladores de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, participaron 206 recicladores de 4 puntos de reciclajes de Cartagena, durante el primer periodo del año 2018. Para la recolección de la información se utilizaron dos instrumentos; el primero evaluaba las condiciones sociodemográficas y el otro las condiciones de trabajo de los participantes. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados por medio del programa SPSS versión 24.0 y se hizo un análisis descriptivo para cada una de las variables estudiadas. Resultados: El 15,5% de los participantes ha tenido accidentes de origen laboral, el 44,6% de los participantes manifiestan la presencia de roedores en el lugar de trabajo, el 91,3% ejecuta movimientos repetitivos, se encuentran expuestos a cambios de temperatura como el sol (67,5%) y la lluvia (46,6%). Es importante resaltar que el 10,7% de los participantes expresa no utilizar los elementos de protección personal. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con estos resultados es importante garantizar la afiliación de los recicladores al sistema general de seguridad social en salud con el fin de que estas personas puedan tener acceso a los programas de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad y riesgos ocupacionales.

To determine working conditions in waste pickers in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: Descriptive study, involving 206 recyclers from 4 points of recycling in Cartagena, during the first period of the year 2018. Two instruments were used to collect the information; the first evaluated the sociodemographic conditions and the other the working conditions of the participants. The data collected were analyzed through the SPSS version 24.0 program and a descriptive analysis was made for each of the variables studied. Results: 15.5% of the participants had occupational accidents, 44.6% of the participants showed the presence of rodents in the workplace, 91.3% performed repetitive movements, were exposed to changes in temperature as the sun (67.5%) and rain (46.6%). It is important to highlight that 10.7% of the participants expressed not using the personal protection elements. Conclusions: According to these results it is important to guarantee the affiliation of the recyclers to the general system of social security in health in order that these people can have access to the programs of health promotion and prevention of the disease and occupational risks.

Riesgos psicosociales en personal de asistencia de una clínica de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias en 2016 / Risks in a third level care team clinic of Cartagena de Indias city in 2016

Resumen Objetivo. determinar los riesgos psicosociales del personal asistencial de una clínica privada de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias. Método. se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, la población objeto de estudio fue de cincuenta y siete trabajadores del área asistencial, se utilizó la batería de instrumentos para la evaluación de factores de riesgo psicosocial diseñada por el Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia. Resultados. el promedio de edad es de 34.2 años, 52% pertenece al nivel educativo técnico, con un predominio del género femenino. El estado civil predominante con un 46% es soltero, 44% viven en estrato 2. La mayoría (74%) de los trabajadores considera que su jefe brinda siempre o casi la posibilidad de tener contacto con él. Siempre tienen buena relación y apoyo de sus compañeros, 61% considera que no tienen control sobre el tiempo y cantidad de trabajo que realizan. El pago del salario no es puntual y los trabajadores tienen muy pocas posibilidades de ascenso y además sienten que la empresa muy pocas veces se preocupa por su bienestar. La prevalencia de nivel más alto de riesgo correspondió a un 76% por exceso de carga laboral, por alta exigencia de esfuerzo mental un 75% y está relacionado con el poco control sobre el trabajo en un 57%. Los trabajadores se exponen a jornadas laborales extensas, poco tiempo de descanso, cansancio y falta de sueño por jornadas nocturnas, escasa interacción con la familia y el contacto constante con situaciones de extremo sufrimiento y dolor.

Abstract Objective. to determine the psychosocial risks of care personnel in a private third-level clinic in the city of Cartagena de Indias. Method. a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, the study population consisted of fifty-seven workers in the health care area, a battery of instruments was used for the evaluation of psychosocial risk factors designed by the Ministry of Social Protection of Colombia. Results. the average age is 34.2 years, 52% belongs to the technical education level, with a predominance of the female gender. The predominant civil status with 46% is single, 44% live in stratum 2. The majority (74%) of the workers consider that their boss always provides or almost the possibility of having contact with him. Always have good relationship and support from their peers, 61% feel they have no control over the time and amount of work they do. The payment of the salary is not punctual and the workers have very little possibility of promotion and also feel that the company very rarely worries about their well-being. The prevalence of the highest level of risk corresponded to 76% due to an excess of workload, due to a high mental stress requirement of 75% and related to poor control over work by 57%. Workers are exposed to long hours of work, little rest time, tiredness and lack of sleep for nightly hours, poor interaction with the family and constant contact with situations of extreme suffering and pain.

Association between anger management and cigarette consumption in adolescents / Asociación entre control de la ira y consumo de cigarrillos en adolescentes

Abstract Introduction: Cigarette smoking in adolescents is associated with a set of variables such as sex, age, anxiety disorders, depression and secondhand smoke (parents, siblings and friends). However, the association between anger management and smoking among adolescent students has been poorly studied in Colombia. Objective: To quantify the association between anger management in high school students in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey designed for adolescent students of sixth and seventh grade in high school. Anger management was quantified through a seven-item version of the Spielberger's Inventory for State-Trait Anger Expression (Cronbach's alpha: 0.73) and through the input of the participants who have smoked at least once. Results: A total of 1 090 students between ages 10 to 18 (µ=12.3, σ=1.1), attending sixth and seventh grades, took part in the study; 565 (52.1%) were female. A group of 269 students (24.7%) reported low anger control, and 127 (11.7%) stated they had smoked at least once. After age and sex adjustment, the association between anger and smoking was not statistically significant (OR=1.35; 95%CI: 0.89-2.04). Conclusions: Anger management is a variable independent from cigarette smoking among teenager students.

Resumen Introducción. En adolescentes, el consumo de cigarrillos se asocia a un conjunto de variables como género, edad, trastornos de ansiedad, depresión y padres, hermanos y amigos fumadores. No obstante, en Colombia se ha explorado poco la asociación entre el control de la ira y el tabaquismo en adolescentes escolarizados. Objetivo. Cuantificar la asociación entre el control de la ira y el consumo de cigarrillos en estudiantes de bachillerato de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Investigación transversal en la que participaron estudiantes de sexto y séptimo grado. Se cuantificó el control de la ira con siete ítems del Inventario Ira Estado-Rasgo de Spielberger (alfa de Cronbach 0.73) y con el informe de consumo de cigarrillos alguna vez en la vida. Resultados. Participaron 1 090 estudiantes de sexto y séptimo grado entre 10 y 18 años (µ=12.3, σ=1.1), de los cuales 565 (52.1%) fueron mujeres. 269 (24.7%) adolescentes reportaron bajo control de la ira y 127 (11.7%) consumo de cigarrillos alguna vez en la vida. Después de ajustar por edad y sexo, la asociación entre control de la ira y consumo de cigarrillos no fue estadísticamente significativa (OR=1.35; IC95%: 0.89-2.04). Conclusiones: El control de la ira es independiente al consumo de cigarrillos en estudiantes adolescentes.

Asociación entre religiosidad y estilo de vida en adolescentes / Association between religiosity and lifestyle among adolescents

Antecedentes. En adolescentes es inconsistente la asociación entre religiosidad y estilo de vida (actividad física, actividad coital, consumo de cigarrillos, consumo problemático de alcohol y consumo de sustancias ilegales que pueden inducir dependencia). Sin embargo, se conoce poco de la relación entre estas dos variables en adolescentes colombianos. Objetivo. Establecer la asociación entre religiosidad y estilo de vida en estudiantes de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron estudiantes entre 13 y 17 años. Se estimó la relación entre inactividad física, experiencia coital alguna vez en la vida, consumo de cigarrillos durante el último mes, consumo problemático de alcohol, consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal alguna vez en la vida y religiosidad. Resultados. Participaron 1730 estudiantes; media de edad de 14.7 años (DE=1.2) y 52.7% mujeres. Con ajuste por edad y sexo, las asociaciones para baja religiosidad fueron inactividad física (OR=1.00; IC95% 0.80-1.24), experiencia coital (OR=1.38; IC95% 1.09-1.74), consumo de cigarrillos (OR=1.40; IC95% 0.90-2.18), consumo problemático de alcohol (OR=1.20; IC95% 0.87-1.65) y consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal (OR=1.27; IC95% 0.89-1.81). Conclusión. En esta muestra de estudiantes, la baja religiosidad se relaciona con alguna experiencia coital alguna vez en la vida. Se necesitan más estudios que evalúen el papel de la religiosidad en el estilo de vida de los adolescentes.

Background. Among adolescents, it is inconsistent the association between religiosity and lifestyle (physical activity, coital activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and problematic consumption of illegal substances that can induce dependence). However, there is few information about the relationship between these two variables in Colombian adolescents. Objective. To establish the association between religiosity and lifestyle among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional analytical research was carried out including a random sample of adolescent students, aged between 13 and 17 years old. Authors estimated association between physical inactivity, lifetime sexual intercourse, last-month cigarette smoking, abusive alcohol consumption and lifetime illegal substance use, and religiosity. Results. A group of 1730 students participated in the research, mean age was 14.7 years (SD=1.2), and 52.7% were girls. Associations for low-religiosity were physical inactivity (OR=1.00; 95%CI 0.80-1.24), sexual intercourse (OR=1.38; 95%CI 1.09-1.74), cigarette smoking (OR=1.40; 95%CI 0.90-2.18), abusive alcohol consumption (OR=1.20; 95%CI 0.87-1.65) and illegal substance use (OR=1.27; 95%CI 0.89-1.81), adjusted for age and gender. Conclusions. In this sample of adolescent students, low religiosity is related to lifetime sexual intercourse. More research is needed to investigate the relationship between religiosity and lifestyle among adolescents.

Variables asociadas al inicio del consumo de cigarrillo en adolescentes estudiantes de básica secundaria de los colegios oficiales de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia / Variables Associated with the Onset of Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescent Public Middle-School Students in Cartagena, Colombia / Variáveis associadas ao início do consumo de cigarro em adolescentes estudantes do ensino fundamental dos colégios oficiais da cidade de Cartagena, Colômbia

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas al inicio del consumo de cigarrillo en adolescentes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y método: estudio analítico observacional transversal con 1.100 estudiantes de básica secundaria de las instituciones educativas oficiales de la ciudad de Cartagena, matriculados durante el año 2012; la información se recolectó a través de la ficha demográfica, el inventario de consumo de cigarrillo y actitudes frente al mismo de la Encuesta Mundial Sobre Tabaquismo en jóvenes (Emta_Joven), la escala Apgar familiar, Rosenberg para autoestima y la escala de Zung de ansiedad. Se realizó análisis estadístico univariado, bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: participaron 1.090 estudiantes (de los 1.100 fueron descartados 10 por estar mal diligenciados) con edades entre 10 y 18 años, media = 12,3; 565 (51,8%) estudiantes fueron de sexo masculino y 525 (48,2%) de sexo femenino. El consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida se asoció a edades entre 13 y 18 años (OR = 2,86; IC95%: 1,96-4,18), ser de sexo masculino (OR = 2,40; IC95%%: 1,63-3,56) y a alta intención de consumo de sustancias (cigarrillo, alcohol y marihuana) (OR = 3,18; IC95%%: 2,18-4,64). Conclusión: el consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida en estudiantes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colombia, se asoció a tener alta intención de consumo de sustancias, ser adolescente y ser de sexo masculino.

Objective: Determine the prevalence and the variables associated with the onset of cigarette smoking among vocational middle-school students in the city of Cartagena (Colombia). Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational analytic study of 1,100 public middle-schools students in Cartagena who were enrolled during 2012. The information was collected by means of a demographic fact sheet, the World Youth Tobacco Survey (Emta_Joven) inventory on cigarette consumption and attitudes towards smoking, the family Apgar scale, the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, and Zung's anxiety scale. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyzes were done. Results: A total of 1,090 (10 were discarded be poorly filled out) students between the ages of 10 and 18 took part. The mean is 12.3; 565 of the students are male (51.8% and 525 are female (48.2%). Cigarette smoking at some point during their lifetime was associated with the ages between 13 and 18 (OR = 2.86; 95% CI 1.96 to 4.18), being male (OR = 2.40; 95% 1.63 to 3.56) and a high intention of substance use (cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana) (OR = 3.18; 95% CI 2.18 to 4.64). Conclusion: In the case of vocational middle-school students in Cartagena (Colombia), having smoked cigarettes at some point in their lifetime was associated with a high intention to use substances, being an adolescent and being a male.

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência e as variáveis associadas ao início do consumo de cigarro em adolescentes de média vocacional de Cartagena, Colômbia. Materiais e método: estudo analítico observacional transversal com 1.100 estudantes do ensino fundamental das instituições educativas oficiais da cidade de Cartagena, matriculados durante 2012; os dados foram coletados por meio da ficha demográfica, do inventário de consumo de cigarro e atitudes ante este do Questionário Mundial sobre Tabagismo em jovens, a escala Apgar familiar, Rosenberg para autoestima e a escala de Zung de ansiedade. Realizou-se análise estatística bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: participaram 1.090 estudantes (10 foram descartados ser mal preenchido), com idades entre 10 e 18 anos, média = 12,3; 565 (51,8%) estudantes do sexo masculino e 525 (48,2%) do feminino. O consumo de cigarro alguma vez na vida se associou a idades entre 13 e 18 anos (OR = 2,86; IC 95%: 1,96-4,18), ser de sexo masculino (OR = 2,40; IC 95%: 1,63-3,56) e a alta intenção de consumo de substâncias (cigarro, álcool e maconha) (OR = 3,18; IC 95%: 2,18-4,64). Conclusão: o consumo de cigarro alguma vez na vida em estudantes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colômbia, se associou a ter alta intenção de consumo de substâncias, ser adolescente e ser de sexo masculino.

Health risk behavior pattern among students from Cartagena, Colombia: prevalence and associated variables.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and variables associated with the pattern of risky health behavior (PRHB) among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate PRHB in a random cluster sample of students from middle and high schools. The associations were adjusted by logistic regression. A total of 2,625 students participated in this research, with ages from 10 to 20 years, mean=13.8 years (SD=2.0), and 54.3% were women. A total of 332 students reported PRHB (12.7%, 95%CI 11.4-14.0). Age over 15 years (OR=2.19, 95%CI 1.72-2.79), not being heterosexual (OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.36-2.87), poor/mediocre academic performance (OR=1.87, 95%CI 1.47-2.38), family dysfunction (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.40-2.28) and male gender (OR=1.58, 95%CI 1.24-2.01) were associated with PRHB. One in every eight students presented a PRHB. It is important to pay greater attention to students who are over 15 years of age, male, not heterosexual, with a poor/mediocre academic performance and a dysfunctional family.

Risk of eating behavior disorders in adolescents from Cartagena, Colombia / Riesgo de trastorno del comportamiento alimentario en adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia / Risco de transtorno do comportamento alimentário em adolescentes de Cartagena, Colômbia

Objective. To estimate the prevalence and explore the relationship of the risk of eating behavior disorders (REDB) with some factors in school-age adolescents from Cartagena, Colombia. Methodology. This was a cross-sectional study, which used probability sampling by conglomerates of high school students (sixth to eleventh grades) in 2012. The REDB was quantified with the SCOFF questionnaire (two or more points). The associations were fitted through a logistic regression model. Results. A total of 2625 students between 10 and 20 years of age (mean = 14 years) participated; 54% were women. A total of 32.5% scored for REDB. The risk factors associated were: problematic consumption of alcohol (OR=1.9; CI95%: 1.4-2.5), female sex (OR=1.6; CI95%: 1.4-1.9), non-heterosexual sexual orientation (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.1-2.1), consumption of any illegal substance (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.1-2.1), cigarette smoking at any moment in life (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.2-1.8), depressive symptoms with clinical importance (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.2-1.8), and family dysfunction (OR=1.2; CI95%: 1.1-1.5). Conclusion. An important proportion of school-age adolescents from Cartagena presented REDB, which was mainly related to problematic consumption of alcohol and the female sex.

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia y explorar la relación del riesgo de trastorno del comportamiento alimentario (RTCA) con respecto a algunos factores en adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena, Colombia. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal en el que se empleó muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados de los estudiantes de secundaria (sexto a undécimo grado) en 2012. Se cuantificó el RTCA con el cuestionario SCOFF (dos o más puntos). Las asociaciones se ajustaron mediante un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados. En este trabajo participaron 2 625 estudiantes entre 10 y 20 años (media=14 años), de ellos 54% mujeres. El 32.5% puntuó para RTCA. Se asociaron como factores de riesgo: el consumo problemático de alcohol (OR=1.9; IC95%: 1.4-2.5), el sexo femenino (OR=1.6; IC95% 1.4-1.9), la orientación sexual no heterosexual (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2,1), el consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2.1), el consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8), síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8) y disfunción familiar (OR=1.2; IC95% 1.1-1.5). Conclusión. Una proporción importante de los adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena presentaron RTCA, el que estuvo relacionado principalmente con el consumo problemático de alcohol y el sexo femenino.

Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência e explorar a relação do risco de transtorno do comportamento alimentário (RTCA) com alguns fatores em adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena, Colômbia. Metodologia. Estudo de corte transversal no que se empregou amostra probabilística por conglomerados dos estudantes de secundária (sexto do primeiro grau a segundo ano do segundo grau) em 2012. Quantificou-se o RTCA com o questionário SCOFF (dois ou mais pontos). As associações se ajustaram mediante um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados. Participaram 2625 estudantes entre 10 e 20 anos (média=14 anos) e 54% foram mulheres. 32.5% pontuaram para RTCA. Associaram-se como fatores de risco: o consumo problemático de álcool (OR=1.9; IC95%: 1.4-2.5), o sexo feminino (OR=1.6; IC95% 1.4-1.9), a orientação sexual não heterossexual (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2,1), o consumo de alguma substância ilegal (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2.1), o consumo de cigarro alguma vez (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8), sintomas depressivos com importância clínica (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8) e disfunção familiar (OR=1.2; IC95% 1.1-1.5). Conclusão. Uma proporção importante dos adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena apresentaram RTCA, o que esteve relacionado principalmente com o consumo problemático de álcool e o sexo feminino.

Health risk behavior pattern among students from Cartagena, Colombia: prevalence and associated variables / Padrao de comportamento de risco para a saude em estudantes de Cartagena, Colombia: prevalencia e variaveis associadas / Patron de comportamiento de riesgo para la salud en estudiantes de Cartagena, Colombia: prevalencia y variables asociadas

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and variables associated with the pattern of risky health behavior (PRHB) among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate PRHB in a random cluster sample of students from middle and high schools. The associations were adjusted by logistic regression. A total of 2,625 students participated in this research, with ages from 10 to 20 years, mean=13.8 years (SD=2.0), and 54.3% were women. A total of 332 students reported PRHB (12.7%, 95%CI 11.4–14.0). Age over 15 years (OR=2.19, 95%CI 1.72–2.79), not being heterosexual (OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.36-2.87), poor/mediocre academic performance (OR=1.87, 95%CI 1.47–2.38), family dysfunction (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.40–2.28) and male gender (OR=1.58, 95%CI 1.24–2.01) were associated with PRHB. One in every eight students presented a PRHB. It is important to pay greater attention to students who are over 15 years of age, male, not heterosexual, with a poor/mediocre academic performance and a dysfunctional family.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e as variáveis associadas ao Padrão de Comportamento de Risco para a Saúde (PCRS) entre estudantes adolescentes em Cartagena, Colômbia. Desenhou-se um estudo transversal para investigar o PCRS numa amostra aleatória grupal de estudantes de educação secundária. As associações foram ajustadas mediante regressão logística. Participaram da pesquisa 2625 estudantes entre 10 e 20 anos, numa média=13.8 anos (DP=2.0) sendo que 54,3% eram do sexo feminino. Do total de alunos pesquisados 332 (%) estudantes reportaram PRHP. Do total dos 332 estudantes reportaram PCRS (12,7%, IC95% 11.4-14.0). A idade acima dos 15 anos (OR=2,19, IC95% 1.72-2.79), a condição não heterossexual (OR=1,98, IC95% 1.36-2.87), o desempenho acadêmico pobre-medíocre (OR=1,87, IC95% 1.47-2.38), a disfunção familiar (OR=1.78, IC95% 1.40-2.28) e o sexo masculino (OR=1.58, IC95% 1.24-2.01) associaram-se ao PCRS. Os resultados indicam que um de cada oito estudantes apresenta PRHP. Deve-se prestar mais atenção aos estudantes acima de 15 anos, homens, não heterossexuais, com um desempenho acadêmico pobre e com famílias disfuncionais.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas al Patrón de Comportamiento de Riesgo para la Salud (PCRS) entre estudiantes adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio transversal que investigó el PCRS en una muestra aleatoria de estudiantes de colegios de secundaria. Las asociaciones fueron ajustadas mediante la regresión logística. Participaron 2.625 estudiantes entre 10 y 20 años, promedio=13,8 años (DE=2,0), de los cuales 54,3% eran mujeres. Del total de alumnos investigados 332 estudiantes informaron PCRS (12,7%; IC95% 11,4-14,0). Edad mayor de 15 años (OR=2,19; IC95% 1,72-2,79), no heterosexuales (OR=1,98; IC95% 1,36-2,87), el rendimiento académico pobre-mediocre (OR=1,87; IC95% 1,47-2,38), familia disfuncional (OR=1,78; IC95% 1,40-2,28) y sexo masculino (OR=1,58; IC95% 1,24-2,01) se asociaron a PCRS. Los resultados afirman que uno de cada ocho estudiantes presenta PCRS. Es importante prestar mayor atención a estudiantes mayores de 15 años, varones, no heterosexuales, con mal/regular rendimiento académico y familia disfuncional.

Validez y confiabilidad de la versión en español de la escala de evaluación de la funcionalidad familiar (ASF-E-20) / Validity and reliability of the spanish version of the rating scale of family functionality (ASF-E-20)

Objetivo: Determinar la consistencia interna del instrumento Escala de Evaluación de Efectividad del Funcionamiento Familiar, ASF-E, en familias con hijos preescolares, de estratos bajos de Cartagena, Colombia. Método: Se diseñó un estudio de validación en el que participaron 276 familias. Los informantes familiares, estuvieron conformados por las personas que se encargaban del cuidado de los niños en el hogar que en su mayoría fueron mujeres adultas, madres de niños en edad preescolar y de estrato socioeconómico 1 y 2 de Cartagena. Se calcularon correlaciones corregidas (r) de Pearson entre la puntuación de cada ítem y la puntuación global en la versión de veinte ítems, se estimó el coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach para las subescalas y la escala global y se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: La consistencia interna para la ASF-E-20 fue 0,671; para la subescala coherencia 0,582 y para la subescala mantenimiento 0,645. Una versión de 10 ítems, (ASFE- 10) mostró consistencia interna de 0,765 y mostró dos factores principales que explicaron el 44,3% de la varianza. Conclusiones: Se encontró baja consistencia interna en las dimensiones y metas de la escala. Se propone una escala con 10 ítems que valore la estabilidad familiar, previa validación en otras poblaciones.

Objective: To determine the internal consistency of the Effectiveness Assessment Scale of Family Functioning, ASF-E, in families with preschool children from low strata residence in Cartagena, Colombia Method: We performed a validation study involving 276 families. Informants were shaped by caregivers in charge of children in their houses who mostly were adult women, mothers of children under school age and socioeconomic status 1 and 2 of Cartagena. Corrected correlations were calculated (r) of Pearson between each item score and overall score on the version of twenty items, Cronbach alpha was computed for each subscales and total scale; and an exploratory factor analysis was performed. Results: The internal consistency for the ASF-E-20 was 0.671; consistency subscale, 0.582; and maintenance subscale, 0.645. A 10-item version (ASF-E -10) showed internal consistency of 0.765, and two salient factors that accounted for 44.3% of the variance. Conclusions: ASF-E-20 presents low internal consistency (total scale and subscales). We propose a 10-item version which needs assessment of validity and stability in other populations.

Objetivo: Conhecer a consistência interna do instrumento Escala de Avaliação da Eficácia do Funcionamento Familiar, ASF-E, em famílias com crianças pré-escolares, dos estratos sociais mais baixos de Cartagena, Colômbia. Método: Foi realizado um estudo de validação envolvendo 276 famílias, os informantes familiares foram os cuidadores das crianças em suas casas, que na sua maioria eram mulheres adultas, mães de crianças com idade escolar e nível socioeconômico 1 e 2 de Cartagena. Foram calculadas correlações corrigidas (r) de Pearson entre a pontuação de cada item e pontuação geral da versão de vinte itens. Estimou-se o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para as subescalas e escala global e foi realizada uma análise fatorial exploratória. Resultados: A consistência interna para a ASF-E-20 foi 0,671; para a subescala coerência, 0,582 e para a subescala manutenção, 0,645. A versão de 10 itens (ASF-E-10) mostrou consistência interna de 0,765 e mostrou dois fatores principais responsáveis por 44,3% da variância. Resultados: A consistência interna para a ASF-E-20 foi 0,671; para a subescala coerência, 0,582 e para a subescala manutenção, 0,645. A versão de 10 itens (ASF-E-10) mostrou consistência interna de 0,765 e mostrou dois fatores principais responsáveis por 44,3% da variância.

Asociación entre consumo de cigarrillo, alcohol y sustancias ilegales en adolescentes estudiantes en Cartagena, Colombia, 2012 / Relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol and illegal substances among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia, 2012 / Associasão entre consumo de cigarro, alcool, e sustancias ilegais em adolescentes estudantes em Cartagena, Colombia, 2012

Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre consumo de cigarrillo durante el último mes y consumo problemático de alcohol y sustancias ilegales en estudiantes adolescentes en Cartagena, Colombia. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal en el que participaron estudiantes entre 13 y 17 años. Se estimó la relación entre consumo de cigarrillo durante el último mes y consumo problemático de alcohol y consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal alguna vez en la vida. Resultados: 1.730 estudiantes participaron en la investigación; media para la edad fue 14,7 años (DE = 1,2) y el 52,7% de la participación fueron mujeres. Un total de 87 estudiantes (5,0%) informó consumo de cigarrillo durante el último mes; 180 (10,4%) consumo problemático de alcohol; y 140 (8,1%) consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal alguna vez en la vida. Después de ajustar por sexo, el consumo de cigarrillo durante el último mes se asoció a consumo problemático de alcohol (OR = 3,41; IC95% 2,06-5,65) y a consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal alguna vez en la vida (OR = 4,99; IC95% 3,00-8,29). Conclusiones: El consumo de cigarrillo durante el último mes se asocia al consumo problemático de alcohol y consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal alguna vez en la vida en estudiantes adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. Es necesaria la prevención integral del consumo de sustancias en estudiantes adolescentes.

Objective: To establish the relationship between cigarette smoking during the previous month to the study, abusive alcohol consumption and illegal substance use among adolescent students from Cartagena, Colombia. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in which students, aged between 13 and 17 years old participated. The relationship between cigarette smoking the previous month to the study and abusive alcohol consumption and illegal substance use sometime during their lives was estimated. Results: A total of 1,730 students participated in the research; the mean age was 14.7 years (SD = 1.2), and 52.7% of participants were girls. Eighty seven students (5.0%) reported previous month to the study cigarette smoking; 180 (10.4%), abusive alcohol consumption; and 140 (8.1%), illegal substance use sometime during their lives. After adjusting the research by sex, cigarette smoking the previous month to the study was associated with abusive alcohol consumption (OR = 3.41; 95% CI 2.06-5.65) and illegal substance use sometime during their lives (OR = 4.99; 95% CI 3.00- 8.29). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking in the previous month to the study is associated with abusive alcohol consumption and use of some illegal substance sometimes during their lives among adolescent students from Cartagena, Colombia. Comprehensive prevention of substance use in adolescent students is needed.

Objetivo: Estabelecer a associação entre consumo e cigarro durante o ultimo mês e consumo problemático de álcool e sustâncias ilegais em estudantes adolescentes em Cartagena, Colombia. Método: Se realizou um estudo analítico transversal no que participaram estudantes entre 13 e 17 anos. Estimou-se a relação entre consumo de cigarro durante o ultimo mês e consumo problemático de álcool e consumo de alguma sustância ilegal vez na vida. Resultados: 1.730 estudantes participaram na pesquisa; meia para a idade foi 14,7 anos (DE = 1,2) e o 52,7% da participação foram mulheres. Um total de 87 estudantes (52,7%) informou consumo de cigarro durante o ultimo mês; 180 (10,4%) consumo problemático de álcool; e 140 (8,1%) consomem de alguma sustância ilegal alguma vez na vida. Depois de ajustar por sexo, o consumo de cigarro durante o ultimo mês se associou a consumo problemático de álcool (OR = 3,41; IC95% 2,06-5,65) e a consumo de alguma sustância ilegal alguma vez na vida (OR = 4,99; IC95% 3,00-8,29). Conclusões: O consumo de cigarro durante o ultimo mês se associa ao consumo problemático de álcool e consumo de alguma sustância ilegal alguma vez na vida em estudantes adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. É necessária a prevenção integral do consumo de sustâncias em estudantes adolescentes.

Predictores de disfunción familiar en adolescentes escolarizados / Predictors of family dysfunction among adolescent students

Objetivo: Establecer los predictores de disfunción familiar en adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena, Colombia. Método: Se llevó a cabo una investigación analítica transversal, mediante un muestreo probabilístico por conglomerado de estudiantes de secundaria. Se solicitó la participación de estudiantes de entre 13 y 17 años de edad. Se identificó disfunción familiar con la escala APGAR Familiar. Se ajustaron los predictores mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Aceptaron participar un total de 1730 estudiantes; media para la edad de 14,7 años (DE = 1,2) y 52,7 % mujeres. La escala APGAR mostró un alfa de Cronbach de 0,78. Un grupo de 896 estudiantes (51,8 %) informó disfunción familiar. Fueron predictores de disfunción familiar: síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica (OR = 3,61; IC 95 %: 2,31-5,63), baja religiosidad (OR = 1,73; IC 95 %: 1,41-2,13), familia no nuclear (OR = 1,71; IC 95 %: 1,41-2,09), consumo de alguna sustancia en la vida (OR = 1,67; IC 95 %: 1,15-2,13), residente en estrato bajo (OR = 1,49; IC95 %: 1,19-1,87) y mal rendimiento académico (OR = 1,43; IC 95 %: 1,15-1,76). Conclusiones: Síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica, baja religiosidad y familia no nuclear son los principales predictores de disfunción familiar en estudiantes adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. Es posible que la asociación sea bidireccional.

Object: Determination of family dysfunction predictors in adolescent students of Cartagena, Colombia. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical research was conducted by means of a probabilistic sample per conglomerate of high-school students. Participation of students between 13 and 17 years was requested. Family dysfunction was identifed through the family APGAR scale. Predictors were adjusted by binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 1,730 students agreed to participate, mean age was 14.7 years (SD=1.2), and 52.7% were girls. The family APGAR scale showed a Cronbach alpha of 0.78. A group of 896 students (51.8%) reported family dysfunction. Predictors of family dysfunction were: clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR=3.61; IC 95%: 2.31-5.63), low religiosity (OR=1.73; CI 95%: 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, CI 95% 1.71-2.09) (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, 95%: CI 1.41-2.09), consumption of any illegal substance in their lives (OR=1.67, CI 95%: 1.15-2.13), residents of depressed neighborhoods (OR = 1.49; CI 95%: 1.19-1.87), and poor academic performance (OR=1.43; CI 95%: 1.15-1.76). Conclusions: Clinically significant depressive symptoms, low religiosity and non-nuclear family are the main predictors of family dysfunction among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. The association is possibly bidirectional.

[Predictors of Family Dysfunction among Adolescent Students]. / Predictores de disfunción familiar en adolescentes escolarizados.

OBJECT: Determination of family dysfunction predictors in adolescent students of Cartagena, Colombia. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional analytical research was conducted by means of a probabilistic sample per conglomerate of high-school students. Participation of students between 13 and 17 years was requested. Family dysfunction was identified through the family APGAR scale. Predictors were adjusted by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 students agreed to participate, mean age was 14.7 years (SD=1.2), and 52.7% were girls. The family APGAR scale showed a Cronbach alpha of 0.78. A group of 896 students (51.8%) reported family dysfunction. Predictors of family dysfunction were: clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR=3.61; IC 95%: 2.31-5.63), low religiosity (OR=1.73; CI 95%: 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, CI 95% 1.71-2.09) (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, 95%: CI 1.41-2.09), consumption of any illegal substance in their lives (OR=1.67, CI 95%: 1.15-2.13), residents of depressed neighborhoods (OR = 1.49; CI 95%: 1.19-1.87), and poor academic performance (OR=1.43; CI 95%: 1.15-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant depressive symptoms, low religiosity and non-nuclear family are the main predictors of family dysfunction among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. The association is possibly bidirectional.

Lifetime prevalence of drugs use in adolescents from Cartagena, Colombia / Prevalencia de vida de consumo de sustancias en adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of lifetime use of psychoactive drugs in adolescents from Cartagena, Colombia. Methodology. Cross-sectional study carried out with a representative sample of 244 adolescents between 13 and 17 years of age from the general population. The study inquired on use of psychoactive drugs at any time of their lives (cocaine, ecstasy, inhalants, marihuana, or any drug that can be injected). The explanatory variables were adjusted through logistic regression. Results. Participants were from low and middle socio-economic levels. The lifetime prevalence of use of any drug was 20%. A total of 19% of the participants reported daily cigarette use and 18% had risky alcohol use. The following risk factors were related to drug use some time in their lives: daily cigarette use (OR=30.2; CI95%=11.8-77.6), not being religious (OR=5.8; CI95%=1.8-18.8), male gender (OR=3.7; CI95%=1.1-13.1), and risky alcohol use (OR=3.5; CI95%=1.2-9.8). Conclusion. Use of any illegal drug some time in their lives by adolescents is high, constituting a healthcare problem, which should be addressed by government organizations. This use was related to male gender, not being religious, cigarette smoking, and having risky alcohol use.

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de vida de consumo de sustancias sicoactivas en adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal realizado en una muestra representativa de 244 adolescentes entre 13 y 17 años. Se indagó sobre el consumo alguna vez en la vida de sustancias sicoactivas (cocaína, éxtasis, inhalantes, marihuana o alguna inyectable). Mediante regresión logística se ajustaron las variables explicatorias. Resultados. Los participantes pertenecían a los estratos socioeconómicos bajo y medio. La prevalencia de vida de consumo de alguna sustancia fue de 20%. El 19% informó consumo diario de cigarrillo y 18% tenía consumo problemático de alcohol. Se relacionaron con el consumo de sustancias alguna vez en la vida los factores de riesgo: consumo diario de cigarrillo (OR=30.2; IC95%=11.8-77.6), no ser religioso (OR=5.8; IC95%=1.8-18.8), sexo masculino (OR=3.7; IC95%=1.1-13.1) y consumo problemático de alcohol (OR=3.5; IC95%=1.2-9.8). Conclusión. El consumo de alguna sustancia sicoactiva por parte de los adolescentes es alto, constituyendo un problema de salud al cual deben prestar atención los organismos gubernamentales. Este consumo se relacionó con variable como el sexo (masculino), no ser religioso, ser fumador y tener consumo problemático de alcohol.

Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência de vida de consumo de substâncias psicoativas em adolescentes de Cartagena, Colômbia. Metodologia. Estudo de corte transversal realizado numa mostra representativa de 244 adolescentes entre 13 e 17 anos de população geral. Indagou-se sobre o consumo alguma vez na vida de substâncias psicoativas (cocaína, êxtase, inhalantes, maconha ou alguma injetável). Mediante regressão logística se ajustaram as variáveis explicatorias. Resultados. Os participantes foram dos estratos socioeconômicos baixo e meio. A prevalência de vida de consumo de alguma substância foi de 20%. O 19% informou consumo diário de cigarro e 18% tinha consumo problemático de álcool. Relacionaramse com o consumo de substâncias alguma vez na vida os fatores de risco: consumo diário de cigarro (OR=30.2; IC95%=11.8-77.6), não ser religioso (OR=5.8; IC95%=1.8-18.8), sexo masculino (OR=3.7; IC95%=1.1-13.1) e consumo problemático de álcool (OR=3.5; IC95%=1.2-9.8). Conclusão. O consumo de alguma substância ilegal alguma vez na vida de substâncias ilegais dos adolescentes é alto, constituindo um problema de saúde ao qual devem prestar atendimento os organismos governamentais. Este consumo se relacionou com o sexo masculino, não religiosos, ser fumante e ter consumo problemático de álcool.