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Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Melanoma/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging , Fatal Outcome , Pandemics , Incidental Findings , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/complications , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/isolation & purification , Radiography, Thoracic/methodsSubject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/diagnostic imaging , Melanoma/diagnostic imaging , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Skin Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Aged , COVID-19 , Fatal Outcome , Female , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 , Humans , Leg/diagnostic imaging , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Melanoma/pathology , Pandemics , Radiopharmaceuticals , SARS-CoV-2 , Skin Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
El hiperparatiroidismo primario es una de las enfermedades endocrinas más frecuentes. Su diagnóstico es bioquímico. Las pruebas de imagen no tienen utilidad para el diagnóstico de esta afección, únicamente son pruebas localizadoras prequirúrgicas. En esta formación continuada analizaremos las diferentes modalidades de imagen empleadas en esta indicación, centrándonos en la Medicina Nuclear. La técnica de imagen más empleada en este contexto es la gammagrafía de paratiroides, en la actualidad la técnica de doble fase con 99mTc-MIBI y la de doble trazador 99mTc-MIBI/99mTc-pertecnetato, asociada en el primer caso a una SPECT o SPECT/TC, en tiempo precoz o tardío. La PET/TC con diferentes trazadores está demostrando buenos resultados, aplicada fundamentalmente en los casos de fallo de localización prequirúrgica de la gammagrafía. Exponemos, asimismo, los resultados de las técnicas de imagen morfológicas, y la utilidad de la combinación de técnicas
Primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most frequent endocrine disorders. Its diagnosis is biochemical. Imaging techniques are not useful for the diagnosis of this pathology; they are just tools for pre-surgical localization. In this continuing education, we will analyze the different imaging modalities used in this indication, focusing on Nuclear Medicine. The most commonly used imaging technique in this context is the parathyroid scintigraphy, nowadays double phase protocol with 99mTc-MIBI and the double tracer with 99mTc-MIBI/99mTc-pertechnetate, associated in the first case to SPECT or SPECT/CT, in an early or late phase. The PET/CT with different tracers is showing good results, especially applied to cases of failure in the pre-surgical scintigraphic localization. We expose the results of the morphological imaging techniques as well as the usefulness of combining techniques
Subject(s)
Humans , Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/diagnostic imaging , Radionuclide Imaging/methods , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods , Preoperative Care/methods , Nuclear Medicine/methods , Parathyroid Glands/diagnostic imaging , Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most frequent endocrine disorders. Its diagnosis is biochemical. Imaging techniques are not useful for the diagnosis of this pathology; they are just tools for pre-surgical localization. In this continuing education, we will analyze the different imaging modalities used in this indication, focusing on Nuclear Medicine. The most commonly used imaging technique in this context is the parathyroid scintigraphy, nowadays double phase protocol with 99mTc-MIBI and the double tracer with 99mTc-MIBI/99mTc-pertechnetate, associated in the first case to SPECT or SPECT/CT, in an early or late phase. The PET/CT with different tracers is showing good results, especially applied to cases of failure in the pre-surgical scintigraphic localization. We expose the results of the morphological imaging techniques as well as the usefulness of combining techniques.
Subject(s)
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/diagnostic imaging , Preoperative Care , Humans , Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/surgery , Radionuclide Imaging/methodsABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is currently the procedure of choice for axillary node staging in initial stages of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to establish our false negative rate within a 5-year follow-up period in 258 patients with breast cancer staged with this procedure. METHODS: A retrospective study on 258 consecutive T1-T2<3 cm pN0 staged breast carcinomas treated from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2005 was performed. The combined technique of isotope plus blue dye was used for detection. The subjects underwent a minimum follow-up of 5 years, mean 81 months, with an end of follow-up at December 31, 2010. Evidence of axillary recurrence, tumor recurrence in the breast and signs of disease progression or death were the events collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 258 patients, 3 false negatives (1.1%) with axillary recurrence were detected at 10, 11 and 29 months of the surgery. This did not have a significant repercussion in the survival analysis on the contrary to the existence of breast recurrence or the appearance of distant metastasis in 4.7% and 6.2% patients, respectively. Global survival related with the cancer was 93.0 (240/258) and disease free survival was 89.1% (230/258). CONCLUSION: The risk of developing axillary recurrence after a negative SLN without axillary node dissection is low enough to consider the SLN procedure to be the best approach for axilla staging in early breast cancer. This staging technique also makes it possible to achieve local disease control without diminishing the survival of the patients.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary , Lymphatic Metastasis , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Axilla , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery , Carcinoma, Lobular/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Lobular/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Lobular/secondary , Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant , Combined Modality Therapy , Disease-Free Survival , Estrogens , False Negative Reactions , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Lymph Node Excision , Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnostic imaging , Mastectomy/methods , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/epidemiology , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/secondary , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/surgery , Progesterone , Prognosis , Radionuclide Imaging , Radiotherapy, Adjuvant , Retrospective Studies , Rosaniline Dyes , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/methods , Survival Analysis , Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur ColloidABSTRACT
La biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (GC) es en la actualidad el procedimiento de elección en la estadificación axilar en cánceres de mama en estadios iniciales. El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer nuestra tasa de falsos negativos a lo largo de un período mínimo de 5 años de seguimiento de 258 pacientes con cáncer de mama estadificados mediante este procedimiento. Método. Estudio retrospectivo de 258 pacientes con cáncer de mama consecutivos T1-T2<3cm estadificados como pN0 mediante GC entre enero-2001 y diciembre-2005.Se empleó la técnica combinada isotópica y colorante para la detección. Fueron sometidos a seguimiento con un período mínimo de 5 años, la media fue 81 meses, siendo el punto final del seguimiento el 31 de diciembre de 2010. La evidencia de recurrencia axilar, recidiva tumoral en la mama, presencia de enfermedad a distancia, y muerte fueron los eventos recogidos y analizados. Resultados. De las 258 pacientes, se detectaron 3 falsos negativos (1,1%), con recurrencia axilar a los 10, 11 y 29 meses de la cirugía. En el análisis de supervivencia este hecho no tuvo repercusión significativa, a diferencia de la existencia de recidiva mamaria o la aparición de metástasis a distancia que ocurrieron en un 4,7 y un 6,2% de las pacientes. La supervivencia global relacionada con el cáncer fue de un 93,0% (240/258) y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad del 89,1% (230/258). Conclusión. El riesgo de recurrencia axilar tras un ganglio centinela negativo sin vaciamiento linfático completo es lo suficientemente bajo como para considerar a este procedimiento como de elección en la estadificación axilar del cáncer de mama en estadios iniciales. Además, permite alcanzar un adecuado control local de la enfermedad sin disminuir la supervivencia de los pacientes(AU)
The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is currently the procedure of choice for axillary node staging in initial stages of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to establish our false negative rate within a 5-year follow-up period in 258 patients with breast cancer staged with this procedure. Methods. A retrospective study on 258 consecutive T1-T2<3cm pN0 staged breast carcinomas treated from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2005 was performed. The combined technique of isotope plus blue dye was used for detection. The subjects underwent a minimum follow-up of 5 years, mean 81 months, with an end of follow-up at December 31, 2010. Evidence of axillary recurrence, tumor recurrence in the breast and signs of disease progression or death were the events collected and analyzed. Results. Of the 258 patients, 3 false negatives (1.1%) with axillary recurrence were detected at 10, 11 and 29 months of the surgery. This did not have a significant repercussion in the survival analysis on the contrary to the existence of breast recurrence or the appearance of distant metastasis in 4.7% and 6.2% patients, respectively. Global survival related with the cancer was 93.0 (240/258) and disease free survival was 89.1% (230/258). Conclusion. The risk of developing axillary recurrence after a negative SLN without axillary node dissection is low enough to consider the SLN procedure to be the best approach for axilla staging in early breast cancer. This staging technique also makes it possible to achieve local disease control without diminishing the survival of the patients(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/methods , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Prognosis , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/complications , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis , /instrumentation , /methods , Mastectomy/methods , Mastectomy , /trends , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Immunohistochemistry , Axilla/pathology , AxillaABSTRACT
Objetivo. Determinar la utilidad clínica de la gated-SPECT de perfusión miocárdica en la detección de isquemia silente en pacientes diabéticos sin síntomas ni eventos cardiovasculares previos y evaluar implicaciones pronósticas. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 56 pacientes diabéticos asintomáticos tras una gated-SPECT de perfusión miocárdica para diagnóstico de enfermedad isquémica. El criterio de isquemia fue: ligera SDS<4, moderada SDS de 4 a 8, severa SDS>8. Se realizó un análisis estadístico multivariante para identificar variables predictoras de un estudio anormal y se registraron hasta diciembre de 2010 los eventos cardiovasculares. Resultados. Una alta proporción de los 56 pacientes presentó un estudio de perfusión anormal (46,4%), existiendo isquemia moderada-severa en el 10,7%, necrosis con isquemia en el 5,4% y necrosis en el 7,1%. No encontramos diferencias en cuanto al tipo de esfuerzo (tapiz rodante o dipiridamol). Existió una alta combinación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En el análisis multivariante, la nefropatía diabética fue la única que se relacionó con una SPECT anormal (p=0,043). En el seguimiento, los eventos fueron: 2 revascularizaciones precoces, 5 ingresos en cardiología, 10 muertes de no origen cardíaco. La existencia de isquemia en la SPECT se relacionó de forma significativa con la aparición de eventos cardiovasculares (p<0,05). Conclusión. La SPECT de perfusión miocárdica en diabéticos asintomáticos con alta asociación de factores de riesgo detecta la existencia de isquemia silente, la cual parece relacionarse con futuros eventos cardiovasculares. La nefropatía diabética sugiere mayor probabilidad de estudios anormales; sin embargo, es preciso establecer los criterios de cribado para un mayor rendimiento y un menor coste económico(AU)
Aim. To determine the clinical utility of the gated myocardial perfusion SPECT to detect silent ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic patients without previous coronary events and to evaluate the prognosis of this population. Material and methods. A retrospective study of 56 asymptomatic diabetics referred for a gated myocardial perfusion SPECT for diagnosis of ischemic disease was performed. The criteria for ischemia were: mild SDS<4, moderate SDS 4-8, severe SDS>8. A multivariable statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible predictive variables of an abnormal SPECT. The cardiovascular events were recorded up to December-2010. Results. A high proportion of the 56 patients had an abnormal perfusion study (46.4%), there being moderate-severe ischemia in 10.7%, necrosis with ischemia in 5.4% and necrosis in 7.1%. We found no statistical differences in the type of stress used (treadmill or dipyridamole). The patients had a high combination of cardiovascular risk factors. In the multivariate analysis, diabetic nephropathy was the only factor related to an abnormal SPECT (p=0.043). The events recorded in the follow-up were: 2 early revascularizations, 5 cardiology admissions, 10 non-cardiac related deaths. The existence of ischemia in the SPECT was significantly related to the appearance of cardiovascular events (p<0.05). Conclusion. A gated myocardial perfusion SPECT in asymptomatic diabetics with high combination of cardiovascular risk factors detects silent ischemia in a significant proportion and this seems to be related to future coronary events. Diabetic nephropathy implies a greater likelihood of abnormal studies. However, the screening criteria in this population still need to be established for better performance and lower cost(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Heart Diseases/complications , Heart Diseases/diagnosis , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/instrumentation , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods , Perfusion/instrumentation , Perfusion/methods , Infusion Pumps , Risk Factors , Nuclear Medicine/methods , Nuclear Medicine/trends , Heart Diseases , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Multivariate Analysis , RadiopharmaceuticalsABSTRACT
AIM: To determine the clinical utility of the gated myocardial perfusion SPECT to detect silent ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic patients without previous coronary events and to evaluate the prognosis of this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 56 asymptomatic diabetics referred for a gated myocardial perfusion SPECT for diagnosis of ischemic disease was performed. The criteria for ischemia were: mild SDS<4, moderate SDS 4-8, severe SDS>8. A multivariable statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible predictive variables of an abnormal SPECT. The cardiovascular events were recorded up to December-2010. RESULTS: A high proportion of the 56 patients had an abnormal perfusion study (46.4%), there being moderate-severe ischemia in 10.7%, necrosis with ischemia in 5.4% and necrosis in 7.1%. We found no statistical differences in the type of stress used (treadmill or dipyridamole). The patients had a high combination of cardiovascular risk factors. In the multivariate analysis, diabetic nephropathy was the only factor related to an abnormal SPECT (p=0.043). The events recorded in the follow-up were: 2 early revascularizations, 5 cardiology admissions, 10 non-cardiac related deaths. The existence of ischemia in the SPECT was significantly related to the appearance of cardiovascular events (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A gated myocardial perfusion SPECT in asymptomatic diabetics with high combination of cardiovascular risk factors detects silent ischemia in a significant proportion and this seems to be related to future coronary events. Diabetic nephropathy implies a greater likelihood of abnormal studies. However, the screening criteria in this population still need to be established for better performance and lower cost.
