Basal Extended Mentoplasty.

Introduction: The chin is one of the most visible facial structures. Chin surgery, was initially described, for, the treatment of facial abnormalities, advancing the mandibular symphysis; achieved anterior displacement of the base of the tongue showing some value in the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea, and achieved adequate lip competence. We designed the Basal Extended Mentoplasty (BEM) based on the needs of patients orthodontically compensated, but dissatisfied with the appearance of his face as well as upper airway problems looking for a solution to this, design and planning the advances of the chin. Materials and Methods: Patients operated in the service of Maxillofacial Surgery, Specialist Hospital, "Dr. Bernardo Sepulveda "XXI Century National Medical Center, during the period of 2015-2019, orthodontically compensated patients, with labial incompetence and Class II skeletal. Sixty-five patients were operated during this period, and eight cases are presented. Results: Lip competition, osseointegration of the segments is observed, with a proper projection of the lower third, no nerve or vascular damage in the area. Conclusions: The design of the osteotomy is for orthodontically compensated patients with labial incompetence and Class II skeletal, giving a result mandibular lengthening. The BEM achieved adequate lip competence demonstrated by an interlabial gap of 0 mm, achieved adequate osseous consolidation of the fracture site with a more harmonious facial balance and profile, without nerve or vascular damage with spectacular results.

Facial Paralysis, Modification to Labbé Technique.

Background: Facial paralysis is one of the conditions that affect functionally, emotionally and aesthetically to patients greatly. Multiple techniques have been described for its treatment, and we consider that Labbé's technique is the one that most surprises with its results. Materials and Methods: In the Specialty Hospital "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda" National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN SXXI), Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), three cases are presented: patients with facial paralysis due to trauma, surgical damage on the VII cranial nerve and conditions due to otological and idiopathic infections. Four modifications to the original Labbé technique are proposed to execute it more easily: trans-zygomatic oblique osteotomy, to reach directly the coronoid process; osteotomy of the descending coronoid; radiated suture fixation at 180° for temporary muscle replacement with positional replacement of the sutures trans-operatively; and the next day of the intervention with the patient awake, fixation of the orbicularis muscle of the lips, to the temporal tendon previously referenced. The modifications and results obtained are shown. Results: The modifications offer a better surgical technique and very favorable results. Conclusions: The modification to Labbé technique gives excellent results in the treatment of permanent facial paralysis, improving facial symmetry, salivary incontinence, facial tone, improving speech, giving the patient movement on the affected side and the ability to smile again.

Psolidium bathygalego nom. nov. (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) from bathyal bottoms of Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula).

It is proposed to name the Atlantic holothuria Psolidium complanatum Cherbonnier, 1969, whose denomination is already occupied by Psolidium complanatum (Semper, 1867) from the Philippines, as Psolidium bathygalego nom. nov. 843 specimens of Psolidium bathygalego nom. nov., collected between 417 and 1191 m deep in the NW and W of Galicia and in the Galicia Bank, were studied. A detailed description of the external and internal anatomy of Psolidium bathygalego nom. nov. is made by studying the ossicles and the skeletal structure by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as the introvert, calcareous ring, retractor muscles, water-vascular system, digestive system, respiratory trees, and reproductive system by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The habitat, feeding system, and geographical distribution of Psolidium bathygalego nom. nov. are also described.

Development of an Ultra-Low Carbon MgO Refractory Doped with α-Al2O3 Nanoparticles for the Steelmaking Industry: A Microstructural and Thermo-Mechanical Study.

The effect of α-Al2O3 nanoparticles (up to 5 wt.%) on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as on the microstructural evolution of a dense magnesia refractory is studied. Sintering temperatures at 1300, 1500, and 1600 °C are used. The physical properties of interest were bulk density and apparent porosity, which were evaluated by the Archimedes method. Thermal properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical behavior was studied by cold crushing strength and microhardness tests. Finally, the microstructure and mineralogical qualitative characteristics were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Increasing the sintering temperature resulted in improved density and reduced apparent porosity. However, as the α-Al2O3 nanoparticle content increased, the density and microhardness decreased. Microstructural observations showed that the presence of α-Al2O3 nanoparticles in the magnesia matrix induced the magnesium-aluminate spinel formation (MgAl2O4), which improved the mechanical resistance most significantly at 1500 °C.

Modified Le Fort III Osteotomy: Different Applications.

SUMMARY: Based on the new concepts of the modified Le Fort III osteotomy (MLFIIIO), Three variations of this technique are implemented: (A) the modified osteotomy Le Fort III Champy (1980) technique to be described with the use of surgical guides, and subciliary approach or an transconjunctival approach. Excellent technique for horizontal advancement no further to 6 mm, without requiring any type of graft.. (B) The modified Le Fort III osteotomy in "Z": to solve horizontal (posterior anterior) problems of more than 6 mm without bone grafting. It is itself a modification of the technique described by Champy. (C) The modified Le Fort III osteotomy ascending: modified the original technique described by Bell and Epker with interpositional grafts, was modified by the called ascendant, making it higher in cases where the patient has an acceptable nasal bridge, but exorbitism the lateral wall of the orbit. Le Fort III osteotomy combined with a Le Fort I osteotomy and a front implant. METHOD: As pointed out in Part I for the modified oblique Le Fort III osteotomy, methods for the design of the osteotomy Le Fort III property will depend on the requirements of individual patients, and this has led us to design specific techniques for the deformity. RESULTS: Patients have a right projection of the middle third, and protection of the eyeball. CONCLUSIONS: The techniques presented for the advancement of the middle third have excellent results with the ability to be tailored to each patient deformity.

Surgical Management of Laterognathia in Orthofacial Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Each year around the world, various surgical procedures are carried out with the goal of correcting laterognathia; both the intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (OSB) have been the most used techniques in mandibular surgery. These techniques have advantages and disadvantages; for example the advantages of the OSB include: increased coefficient of friction between bony segments, for both the forward and the retroposition, as well as decrease in the time of intermaxillary fixation (IMF). Disadvantages include injury to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), hemorrhage, bad split, among others. The advantages of IVRO include decrease of possibility of injury to the IAN, ease of implementation of the technique, a lower incidence of hemorrhage and the short duration of the surgical procedure. Their disadvantages include: lower coefficient of friction between bony segments, requires a relatively long period of IMF. The combination between the techniques of mandibular osteotomy for the correction of minor 10 mm laterognathia is the ideal treatment, since it avoids potential recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe two cases of patients with laterognathia greater than 6 mm associated with maxilla deformity, which were treated with combined osteotomies. At Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, we describe the advantages and disadvantages, pre and postoperative nosocomial, by comparing them with the reports of the literature. CONCLUSION: The combination of techniques in the correction of laterognathias greater than 4 mm (smaller than 10 mm) is the ideal treatment, eliminating problems of articular compression, recurrence and damage to the alveolar nerve.

"Modified Oblique Le Fort III Osteotomy" New Concepts.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the surgical technique for the correction of midfacial deformities; vertical excess and posteroanterior hypoplasia. This situation obligates the need to move the whole osseous structure in an oblique posteroanterior movement that should correct both midfacial deformities. This should also correct the lip incompetence while improving the malar projection on a profile view of the patient. We also present a mathematical formula that gives the angulation needed for moving the midface complex in a simultaneous vertical and posteroanterior direction. Once given the correct angulation for the desired oblique movement, the surgeon can reproduce this angulation with custom made surgical guides over the stereolithographic model, that can then be used during surgery to achieve the desired movement accurately. This technique exemplified on this paper will give maxillofacial surgeons a new and affordable tool for the correction of midfacial deformities in an accurate and easily reproducible manner and amplifying the surgical repertoire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients seen in the specialty hospital "Dr. Bernardo Sepulveda" National Medical Center XXI Century, IMSS, during the period from February 2013 to November 2014 with Modified Oblique Le Fort III osteotomies, with the application of two trigonometric formulas for the accuracy of the technique. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the formulas give accurate results as well as the enlargement of the upper airway and esthetic results.

Susceptibility to acidification of groundwater-dependent wetlands affected by water level declines, and potential risk to an early-breeding amphibian species.

Eggs of the Western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) reached a 100% mortality in all 29 clutches deposited at a pH below 5.0 in a temporary pond of the Doñana National Park (SW Spain) throughout the wet season of 2006-2007. A similar trend was detected in a neighbouring pond. The proximity of these two ponds to a groundwater pumping area (<1.5km), prompted us to elucidate the possible links between the reduction in pond hydroperiod over past decades (1989-2008) and the decrease of groundwater pH-buffering capacity. The average hydroperiod had decreased by 4months since 1998-99 in the pond where the extensive egg mortality had occurred. The total alkalinity, and the Mg(2+)concentration had also significantly declined in the shallow water-table since 1998-99, from an average of 8.56 to 0.32meql(-1), and of 3.57 to 1.15meql(-1), respectively. This decline of the shallow groundwater buffering capacity could turn this pond more susceptible to the inorganic acidity associated with pyrite oxidation as the sediment S content was often above 0.03%. The initial ratio of S/Ca+Mg in the summer dry sediment was a good predictor of pore-water pH on re-wetting after desiccation (r(2)=0.802, p<0.01). Therefore, this ratio can give some anticipation to mitigate the impact of acidity on toad hatching before these temporary ponds are reflooded on the next wet season. Our results suggest that the long-term damage to pond water levels can trigger a potential risk of soil acidification in the presence of iron-sulphide minerals.

"Bat Wing Surgical Approach for the Temporomandibular Joint".

INTRODUCTION: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is anatomically complex; with its close proximity to neurovascular structures, including the facial nerve that gives a high degree of difficulty during surgical exposure. When the first description on TMJ surgery by Orlow in 1913 was published it gave an account describing the basic retroauricular, preauricular, endoaural and submandibular approaches, on treatment of articular pathologies as used today. The proposed study of the 'Bat Wing' approach, first described in 1993 by Garcia y Sanchez J.M. as a surgical alternative, offers great advantages is that it avoids the section of the ear canal and provides a wide surgical field. The management of the proposed technique has wide application with multiple joints addressed, achieving major objectives such as avoiding facial nerve damage, as well as avoiding the section of the external auditory canal with an optimum visibility of the operative field. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Department of Maxillofacial Surgery National Medical Center XXI Century records over a period of approximately 18 months have completed twenty TMJ surgeries using the 'Bat Wing', approach. CONCLUSIONS: The bat wing approach is a surgical alternative that offers broad exposure of the surgical field in TMJ, it is effective and meets the goal of exposing the area to intervene safely, good visibility and access to the site to intervene. It perfectly fulfills the above described.

Surgical Guides for Modified Oblique Le Fort III Osteotomy.

INTRODUCTION: The present work consists of the specific design of a surgical guide for modified oblique Le fort III osteotomy (MOLFIIIO), developed previously in the Stereolithography model of the patient. The guides are designed to perform an osteotomy for the orbital floor, zygoma and pterygomaxillary fossa. The fundamental objective of the malar guides will be: symmetrical orbitozygomatic osteotomies bilaterally. Regarding the guide of the orbital floor, it is of primary importance to begin the osteotomy 5 mm ahead of the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) in orbital antero posterior direction, crossing the orbital floor. The pterygomaxillary fossa guide, will cover the internal face of the malar bone exactly in the posterior portion of the butres (hidden portion) toward the IOF. This guide will be useful, revolutionize and make it easier and secure to access the osteotomy of the area for a lot of surgeons who fear manipulating the pterigomaxillary fossa in its upper third, due to the fear of damaging the internal maxillary artery, that will be reduced to a minimum with the guides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initially requires a CT scan, for designed the model patient stereolithography. The guides are prepared from self-curing acrylic and monomer. CONCLUSION: Surgical guides are very useful for MOLFIIIO, as being custom, manage to make a stable symmetrical bilateral cut, decreasing the possibility of injury to vascular structures and shorten the surgical time.

Sepsis vertical por Gemella morbillorum / Vertical sepsis due to Gemella morbillrum

Introducción. La sepsis vertical neonatal es un proceso grave, con alta morbi-mortalidad, siendo importante la identificación del germen par aun correcto tratamiento. Caso clínico. Neonato que ingresa por bajo peso para edad gestacional. En los antecedentes obstétricos destacan amniorrexis mayor de 18 horas, oligoamnios y parto mediante cesárea. Durante las primeras 24 horas presenta repetidas hipoglucemias mala perfusión periférica y febrícula junto con leucopenia y trombopenia. Se instaura tratamiento empírico con ampicilina y gentamicina. El cultivo y citoquímica de LCR resultaron negativos. Tras aislar en el hemocultivo Gemella morbillorum, se decide cambiar la pauta antibiótica a vancomicina, manteniéndose durante 14 días. A la semana de vida y como secuela postinfeciosa, la paciente manifiesta leve ictericia mucocutánea secundaria a colestasis, con alteración de las enzimas hepáticas. Al alta presenta valores en descenso de la bilirrubina directa y hemocultivo negativo. Conclusiones. 1) Es importante el diagnóstico etiológico en la sepsis vertical, considerando la aparición de gérmenes poco habituales. 2) Gemella morbillorum no ha sido descrita hasta el momento como causa de sepsis vertical. 3) Ante la sospecha de sepsis vertical, se debe inicial tratamiento precoz parenteral previa extracción dehemocultivo (AU)

Introduction. The neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission is a serious process, with high morbi-mortality, being important the identification of the germ for a correct treatment. Clinical case. Newborn that enters for low weight for gestation age. In the obstetric precedents, stand out amniorhexis major of 18 hours, oligoamnios and childbirth by caesarean. During the first 24 hours she present repeated hypoglcemias, bad peripheral perfusion and febricula together with leucopoenia and thrombopenia. Empirical treatment is established with ampicillin and gentamicin. The culture and cytochemistry of cepahloraquideum liquid turned out to be negative. After isolating in the hemocultive Gemella morbillorum it is decided to change the antibiotic guideline to vancomycin being kept fo 14 days. To the week of life and as postinfectious sequel, the patient manifest slight mucocutaneus jaundice secondary to cholestasis, with alternation of the hepatic enzymes. To the discharge she presents values in decrease of the direct bilirubim and negative hemocultive. Conclusions. 1) It is important the etiologic diagnosis in the vertical sepsis, considering the appearance of slightly habitual germens. 2) Gemella morbillorum has not been described up to the moment as reason of vertical sepsis. 3)In view of the suspicion of vertical sepsis must begin early parenteral treatment after extraction of hemocultive (AU)

Trombosis neonatal de senos venosos cerebrales / Neonatal thrombosis of the cerebral venous sinuses

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[Neutralizing antibodies to 5 HIV-1 strains in macaques immunized with the multi-epitope polypeptide TAB9]. / Anticuerpos neutralizantes frente a 5 cepas de VIH-1 en macacos inmunizados con el polipéptido multiepitópico TAB9.

Presence of neutralizing antibodies(Nab) to 5 laboratory strains of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) was studied and compared in the sera of eight macaca (Macaca fascicularis) after the third and fourth immunizations with multi-epitope polypeptide TAB9, emulsified with adjuvant Montanide ISA 720. Four animals were inoculated 1 mg and the others 200 micrograms, 2 animals were used as controls and injected only with adjuvant. Although the presence of neutralizing antibodies to homologous strains of HIV-group group B was confirmed in most animals after immunization through antigen p24 capture ELISA (DAVIH-Agp24, Cuba), no statistically significant differences were found neither in titers caused by antigen concentrations nor in the responses after the third and fourth immunizing doses. Controls did not develop neutralizing antibodies.