Evaluation of RPLC stationary phases for tocopherol and tocotrienol positional isomer separation: Method development and profiling.

Reversed-phase separation of tocopherols (Ts) and tocotrienols (Ts) using C18 stationary phases results in the coelution of ß and γ positional isomers, leading to identification errors. This study investigates the potential of alternative stationary phase chemistries to effectively resolve tocochromanols, specifically focusing on the critical pair of ß and γ positional isomers. Initial screening of seven different stationary phases (C18, C18-PFP, C30, PFP, 5PYE, πNAP, and RP-Amide) was conducted. Linear solvent strength (LSS) studies were performed to assess the impact of the organic modifier (methanol) and temperature on the chromatographic performance parameters. Five columns were found to be suitable for the tocochromanol separation and two different chromatographical conditions per column were proposed. Elution order of tocochromanols was unique for 5PYE, πNAP and C30 columns in comparison to RP-Amide and PFP. Method development for the quantitative analysis of four tocopherol and four tocotrienol homologues was performed. The optimised method employed the RP-Amide (150 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 µm dp) superficially porous particle column, mobile phase of methanol:water of 92:8, v/v, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, column oven temperature of 40 °C and fluorescence detection (λex 295 nm, λem 330 nm). The analysis run time was 10.5 min with 13.6 MPa back pressure. The method was validated and the obtained LOQs were found to be 1.30-3.13 µg/mL. The method developed was successfully applied for the determination of tocochromanols in twenty samples with unique tocochromanol profiles. Principal component analysis illustrated three distinct groups based on the tocochromanol profile.

Evaluation of Selected Medicinal, Timber and Ornamental Legume Species' Seed Oils as Sources of Bioactive Lipophilic Compounds.

Bioactive lipophilic compounds were investigated in 14 leguminous tree species of timber, agroforestry, medicinal or ornamental use but little industrial significance to elucidate their potential in food additive and supplement production. The tree species investigated were: Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia concinna, Albizia lebbeck, Albizia odoratissima, Bauhinia racemosa, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia latifolia, Delonix regia, Entada phaseoloides, Hardwickia binata, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Senegalia catechu, Sesbania sesban and Vachellia nilotica. The hexane-extracted oils of ripe seeds were chromatographically analysed for their fatty acid composition (GC-MS), tocochromanol (RP-HPLC/FLD), squalene and sterol (GC-FID) content. A spectrophotometrical method was used to determine total carotenoid content. The results showed generally low oil yield (1.75-17.53%); the highest was from H. binata. Linoleic acid constituted the largest proportion in all samples (40.78 to 62.28% of total fatty acids), followed by oleic (14.57-34.30%) and palmitic (5.14-23.04%) acid. The total tocochromanol content ranged from 100.3 to 367.6 mg 100 g-1 oil. D. regia was the richest and the only to contain significant amount of tocotrienols while other oils contained almost exclusively tocopherols, dominated by either α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol. The total carotenoid content was highest in A. auriculiformis (23.77 mg 100 g-1), S. sesban (23.57 mg 100 g-1) and A. odoratissima (20.37 mg 100 g-1), and ranged from 0.7 to 23.7 mg 100 g-1 oil. The total sterol content ranged from 240.84 to 2543 mg 100 g-1; A. concinna seed oil was the richest by a wide margin; however, its oil yield was very low (1.75%). Either ß-sitosterol or Δ5-stigmasterol dominated the sterol fraction. Only C. fistula oil contained a significant amount of squalene (303.1 mg 100 g-1) but was limited by the low oil yield as an industrial source of squalene. In conclusion, A. auriculiformis seeds may hold potential for the production of carotenoid-rich oil, and H. binata seed oil has relatively high yield and tocopherol content, marking it as a potential source of these compounds.

Tocopherols in Cultivated Apple Malus sp. Seeds: Composition, Variability and Specificity.

The seeds of 111 Malus sp. different fruit use (dessert and cider apples) cultivars/genotypes developed in 18 countries were analysed to evaluate composition of tocopherol homologues and identify crop-specific profile, including diploid, triploid, and tetraploid apple cultivars with and without scab-resistance to ensure high genetic diversity. The percentage of individual tocopherols was as follows: alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) (38.36%), beta-tocopherol (beta-T) (40.74%), gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T) (10.93%), and delta-tocopherol (delta-T) (9.97%), represented by average measurements of 17.48, 18.56, 4.98, and 4.54 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The values of the variation coefficient showed high variability for delta (0.695) and gamma (0.662) homologue content, whereas measurements of alpha-T and beta-T were less variable (coefficient of variation 0.203 and 0.256, respectively). The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) revealed three main cultivar groups characterised by almost equal content of all four tocopherol homologues (Group I), high concentrations of alpha-T and beta-T, but very low content of gamma-T and delta-T (Group II), and relatively high average content of alpha-T and beta-T, but higher gamma-T and delta-T content (Group III). Specific tocopherol homologues showed association with certain valuable traits, such as harvesting time (total content of tocopherols) and resistance to apple scab (alpha-T and total content of tocopherols). This study represents the first large-scale tocopherol homologue (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) screening in apple seeds. The dominant tocopherol homologues in cultivated apple cultivars are alpha-T and beta-T, with the prevalence of alpha-T or beta-T depending on genotype. It is a unique finding due to the rare occurrence of beta-T in the plant world and is considered a unique feature of the species.

Free tocopherols and tocotrienols in 82 plant species' oil: Chemotaxonomic relation as demonstrated by PCA and HCA.

The tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) profile were investigated in the present study for four hundred and eighteen plant oil samples, including thirty-one families, eighty-two species, and five cross-species. Fifteen species were dominated by tocotrienols, while sixty-seven - by tocopherols. The mean proportion of γ-T was almost half of the total tocochromanol content (49.3%) in the investigated samples, while α-T constituted to one quarter (25.0%), and the remaining other tocochromanols were present as minor constituents. A strong relationship between the taxonomic plant origin and the presence of the characteristic tocochromanol profile in oils obtained from those plants was noted. This is the first study to demonstrate that not only monocotyledonous, but also dicotyledons families can be rich in tocotrienols. The usefulness of statistical tools - principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for plant sample discrimination based on their tocochromanol profile was also shown.

Free and Esterified Tocopherols, Tocotrienols and Other Extractable and Non-Extractable Tocochromanol-Related Molecules: Compendium of Knowledge, Future Perspectives and Recommendations for Chromatographic Techniques, Tools, and Approaches Used for Tocochromanol Determination.

Free and esterified (bound) tocopherols, tocotrienols and other tocochromanol-related compounds, often referred to "tocols", are lipophilic antioxidants of great importance for health. For instance, α-tocopherol is the only tocochromanol with vitamin E activity, while tocotrienols have a positive impact on health and are proposed in the prevention and therapy of so-called modern diseases. Tocopherols, tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8 are the most well-known tocochromanols; in turn, knowledge about tocodienols, tocomonoenols, and other rare tocochromanol-related compounds is limited due to several challenges in analytical chemistry and/or low concentration in plant material. The presence of free, esterified, and non-extractable tocochromanols in plant material as well as their biological function, which may be of great scientific, agricultural and medicinal importance, is also poorly studied. Due to the lack of modern protocols as well as equipment and tools, for instance, techniques suitable for the efficient and simultaneous chromatographical separation of major and minor tocochromanols, the topic requires attention and new solutions, and/or standardization, and proper terminology. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different chromatographic techniques, tools and approaches used for the separation and detection of different tocochromanols in plant material and foodstuffs. Sources of tocochromanols and procedures for obtaining different tocochromanol analytical standards are also described. Finally, future challenges are discussed and perspective green techniques for tocochromanol determination are proposed along with best practice recommendations. The present manuscript aims to present key aspects and protocols related to tocochromanol determination, correct identification, and the interpretation of obtained results.

Variation in Tocochromanols Level and Mycotoxins Content in Sweet Maize Cultivars after Inoculation with Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum.

A major problem in maize production is the contamination of the grain with Fusarium spp., mainly F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides and their secondary metabolites-mycotoxins. Under biotic stress conditions, caused by a fungal pathogen, plants initiate a series of defense mechanisms that may cause quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of phenolic compounds. We analyzed the resistance of four sweet maize cultivars (Syngenta Group: Overland, Sweetstar, GSS 8529, Shinerock) to the infection with Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum isolates, along with fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 grain contamination and the levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols accumulated. Differences in ear rot levels were found between the cultivars and isolates used. The phenotypic evaluation positively correlated with the concentrations of fumonisins. The results obtained also indicate a significant dependence on tocochromanols content in sweet maize cultivars tested on the infection of plants with Fusarium isolates and fumonisin biosynthesis. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of the plant reaction and the effect of different levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols on Fusarium resistance and grain contamination with mycotoxins.

Profiling of the lipophilic components of seed oil obtained from two medicinal plants Corchorus capsularis L. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

The minor lipophilic composition of seed oils obtained from two medicinal plants (C. capsularis and H. sabdariffa L.), tocopherol, tocotrienols, sterols, carotenoids and squalene, was studied. The oil yield from the seeds of H. sabdariffa and C. capsularis was 19.1 and 12.7%, respectively. The main three fatty acids of the oils from both species were - linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid (over 95% of all). γ-Tocopherol consisted of over 65% of total tocopherol content of four detected homologues, in both species. Nine and ten sterols were detected in H. sabdariffa and C. capsularis seed oil, respectively. ß-Sitosterol was the main sterol (over 50% of all). Lutein was the main carotenoid detected in both species. The total amount of tocopherols, carotenoids and sterols in C. capsularis vs. H. sabdariffa seed oil were 117.2 vs. 159.2, 0.27 vs. 0.74, and 247.1 vs. 968.0 mg/100 g oil, respectively.

Profiling of the lipophilic components of seed oils recovered from twelve Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) genotypes.

The seeds and oil yield and profile/levels of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols in seed oils of twelve Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) genotypes were studied. The seeds and oil yield ranged from 3.8 to 5.7% w/w fresh fruit, and 10.9 to 14.6% w/w dry weight seeds, respectively. The range of three predominated fatty acids C16:0, C18:1 and C18:2 in the seed oil of twelve Japanese quince genotypes were 8.1-9.8, 37.5-48.1, and 40.1-50.3%, respectively. α-Tocopherol and ß-sitosterol were the main minor lipophilic compounds detected in all investigated genotypes. The percentage of predomination of α-tocopherol and ß-sitosterol in each investigated genotype was very similar and amounted to 97-99% of total tocopherols and 76-80% of total phytosterols, respectively. The range of total content tocopherols and phytosterols in 12 genotypes of Japanese quince were 91.9-129.3 and 7830-14166 mg/100 g oil, respectively.

Japanese Quince Seeds as a Promising Rich Source of Proteins and Essential Amino Acids.

The Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) seeds (JQS) are generated in large amounts as a by-product in considerable quantities during industrial quince fruit processing. Due to economic, environmental, and nutritional reasons, the utilization of JQS as a protein source seems to be highly justified. Therefore, three cultivars were studied, 'Rasa', 'Rondo', and 'Darius' of JQS as a protein source during three harvesting years. The total protein content in JQS determined by the Kjeldahl method amounted from 24.6 to 33.2% and was significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the cultivar and harvesting year. The protein isolation was most effective in the pH range of 6-9, and their profile was mainly characterized by a molecular weight of 54.1-57.7 kDa and 70.0-77.6 kDa. The amino acids profile of JQS turned out to be valuable from a nutritional point of view due to the relatively high content of essential and relatively essential amino acids such as histidine (6-9%), leucine (11-12%), lysine (10-16%), phenylalanine (12-16%), glutamine/glutamic acid (7-15%), and tyrosine (9-13%). The initial analysis of JQS indicates that they can be a good source of proteins characterized by a favorable amino acid profile.

Fatty Acid Profile and Squalene, Tocopherol, Carotenoid, Sterol Content of Seven Selected Consumed Legumes.

Legume seeds (Fabaceae) of seven species Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar), Glycine max (soybean), Lablab purpureus (lablab-bean), Macrotyloma uniflorum (kulthi bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) were studied. The oil yield ranged from 1.2 to 20.2% dw, in the lablab-bean and soybean, respectively. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constituted the largest part (46-78%) of total fatty acids in studied legumes. γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol (T) homologue (61-95%) in most of the tested legumes with the exception of fenugreek (α-T, 97%) and cowpea (γ-T and δ-T, nearly equal). The ß-sitosterol was the main sterol (51-56%) in most legumes. While in cowpea, lablab-bean and kulthi bean the main sterols were ß-sitosterol and Δ5-stigmasterol (28-37% and 14-42%, respectively). Squalene was detected only in kulthi bean and lablab-bean (58 and 284 mg/100 g oil). The total concentration of carotenoids, tocochromanols, and sterols in the studied legumes was 0.2-9.2, 12.4-276.0, and 350-8,542 mg/100 g oil, respectively. Based on the levels of minor lipophilic compounds of this study, C. tetragonoloba, T. foenum-graecum and G. max seem to have a better nutritional value compared to P. vulgaris, V. unguiculata, L. purpureus, and M. uniflorum.

Tephrosia apollinea seed: a new rich source of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and squalene.

Tephrosia apollinea is a legume species, native to southwest Asia and northeast Africa, rich in bioactive flavonoids (hydrophilic compounds). T. apollinea seeds were not considered previously as a potential source of lipophilic compounds such as: essential fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and squalene, hence, the present study were performed. The oil yield in T. apollinea seeds amounted to 11.8% dw. The T. apollinea seed oil was predominated by the polyunsaturated fatty acids - linoleic (26.8%) and α-linolenic (22.7%). High levels were recorded also for oleic (27.6%) and palmitic (14.9%) acids. Four tocopherols and one tocotrienol, with the domination of γ-tocopherol (98%) were identified in T. apollinea seed oil. The ß-sitosterol (59%), Δ5-stigmasterol (21%) and campesterol (9%) were detected as main sterols in T. apollinea seed oil. The total content of tocochromanols, sterols, carotenoids and squalene in the T. apollinea seed oil was 256.7, 338.1, 12.5 and 1103.8 mg/100 g oil, respectively. T. apollinea seeds oil, due to the high concentration of lipophilic bioactive compounds can find a potential application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.

Algal characterization and bioaccumulation of trace elements from polluted water.

Algae are a group of autotropic and eukaryotic organisms that play a significant role in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, fuel, and textile industries. They are an important part of our ecosystem, and they can help control the growing problem of pollution. In this work, the carotenoid, sterol, polyphenol and mineral content, spectral and thermal characteristics of six common river algae, viz. Chara spp., Hydrodictyon spp., Lyngbya spp., Nitella spp., Pithophora spp., and Spirogyra spp., collected from Kharun river (India), were evaluated. The concentration of oil, total polyphenols, flavonoids, and mineral ranged from 0.4 to 4.3%, from 2705 to 4450 mg/kg, from 1590 to 2970 mg/kg, and from 85,466 to 122,871 mg/kg of algae (dw), respectively. The concentration of carotenoids and sterols varied from 1.6 to 109 mg/kg and from 522 to 35,664 mg/kg. The potentiality towards the bioaccumulation of 22 trace elements from the surface reservoir was assessed and discussed in relation to carbonate inlay of the algae wall and to the ions ability to bind to pectin, polypeptides, carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids, on the basis of infrared spectroscopy data. In view of the extremely high enrichment factors found for certain elements, such as P, Co, Cu, Pb, and Fe, some of these algae hold promise as bioindicators for the detection of these elements in aquatic environments. Ordination analysis was used to measure the variance gradient of the algal data.

Bioaccessibility of defatted lupin seed phenolic compounds in a standardized static in vitro digestion system.

Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites whose beneficial health effects make them of intense interest to researchers. The aim of the study presented here was to evaluate the change in the phenolic compound profile of lupin seed in in vitro digestion. The most abundant phenolic compounds in undigested lupin seeds were mostly apigenin derivatives. The in vitro digestion of lupin seeds resulted in qualitatively altered phenolic compound profiles. Approximately 80% of phenolic compounds were released from lupin seeds during the in vitro digestion, which simulated gastric processes. Continued digestion, imitating the intestinal phase, additionally increased the bioaccessibility of lupin seed polyphenols by about 10%. The in vitro gastrointestinal model was also used to elucidate how the content of native phenolic compounds affects the digestion susceptibility of lupin seed proteins. An inverse correlation between protein digestibility and phenolic compound content, was also demonstrated.

Diversity of oil yield, fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and sterols in the seeds of 19 interspecific grapes crosses.

BACKGROUND: The seeds of Vitis vinifera grapes have been studied extensively but knowledge about the interspecific crosses of other Vitis species (e.g. V. vinifera, V. amurensis, V. rupestris, V. riparia, and V. labruska) is very limited. RESULTS: The oil yields recovered from the grape seeds ranged between 7 and 160 g kg-1 dw. The main fatty acids were linoleic (72.5-83.1%), oleic (6.2-15.5%), and palmitic (5.4-13.2%), which together constituted 92.8-97.1% of the total detected fatty acids. The total concentration of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) homologues was between 0.785 and 9.033 g kg-1 oil. The concentration of sterols varied significantly and ranged between 2.912 and 105.962 g kg-1 oil. The ß-sitosterol constituted 68.2-86.3% of the total content of sterols. The oil yield in grape seeds significantly correlated with the oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, α-T, α-T3, γ-T3, campesterol, Δ5-stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, and total Ts + T3 s and sterols. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that seed oil recovered from different interspecific Vitis crosses is a rich source of minor lipophilic bioactive compounds, especially genotypes with low oil content. They can be used to enrich plant oils that are poor in tocotrienols and/or phytosterols without changing the fatty acid composition of main oil, due to low enrichment quantities (micro-blends). © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Selected Uncommon Legumes as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, Sterols, Carotenoids, and Squalene.

The seeds of nine species belonging to the Fabaceae family (Cassia alata, Cassia uniflora, Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia tora, Crotalaria albida, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria pallida, Indigofera tinctoria, and Tephrosia purpurea) were studied. The oil yield ranged from 2.0 to 9.6% dw, in the seeds of I. tinctoria and T. purpurea, respectively. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were the predominant group of fatty acids (41-74%) in the investigated samples. The sum of tocopherol homologues α and γ constituted 90-100% of total tocochromanols identified in each species. The ß-sitosterol, campesterol, and Δ5-stigmasterol were the main sterols in most of the samples, however, in some of the seeds considerable levels of Δ5-avenasterol, Δ5,24-stigmastadienol, 24-ethylcholest-7-en-3beta-ol, and cycloartenol were also determined. Although the studied seeds were marked by relatively low yield of oil, the predomination of UFA, as well as relevant quantities of tocochromanols, carotenoids, sterols, and squalene (144.3-444.8, 4.1-43.1, 603.2-2590.2, and 0-88.1 mg/100 g oil, respectively), thus, the studied seeds can be considered as an alternative source of valuable ingredients for human nutrition.

Effects of unextruded and extruded cranberry pomace on selected metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed rats.

BACKGROUND: The effects of un-extruded (UCP) and extruded cranberry pomace (ECP) on fecal fat excretion, liver index, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and inhibition of oxidative stress due to a high-fat diet (HFD) in rats were studied. METHODS: The Wistar rats for 8 weeks received one of the four diets: (1) control (modified the American Institute of Nutrition: AIN based diet containing 7% fat), (2) HFD (AIN based diet containing 30% fat), (3) HFD with 3% un-extruded (UCP) and (4) HFD with 3% (ECP). RESULTS: Both UCP and ECP significantly improved the plasma antioxidant capacity and decreased lipid per- oxidation in rats fed a HFD. However, only the addition of 3% UCP into the HFD significantly increased the fecal lipid excretion and considerably decreased serum triglycerides level in rats. CONCLUSIONS: Further investigation is needed to determine the role of an individual components present in UCP and ECP in the improvement of metabolic conditions observed in the current study.

Cold-pressed and hot-pressed rapeseed oil: The effects of roasting and seed moisture on the antioxi- dant activity, canolol, and tocopherol level.

BACKGROUND: The paper looks at the levels of canolol, tocopherols and antioxidant activity in cold-pressed and hot-pressed rapeseed oils produced from seeds of various moisture levels (5%, 7.5%, and 10%). The paper also considers the effects of seed roasting on the levels of these compounds. METHODS: The material used for the tests was rapeseed cv. Adrianna. The quality of the oils obtained is determined using peroxide and acid values. The levels of canolol and tocopherols are analyzed using HPLC. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity method for oil samples and phenolic extract from oils was used. RESULTS: It has been demonstrated that the oils produced from rapeseeds with a 5% moisture content, and   in particular from cold-pressed oils, were characterized by the lowest peroxide values. Cold-pressed oils produced from rapeseeds with a 5% moisture content were characterized by higher levels of tocopherols and plastochromanol-8. In the case of hot-pressed oils, the highest levels of tocopherols were found in oils pro- duced from seeds with a 7.5% moisture content, and the greatest amount of PC-8 (more than 4 mg/100 g) was found in oils produced from seeds with a 10% moisture content. Hot-pressed oils have been shown to have higher levels of these compounds than cold-pressed oils. Both roasting and hot pressing led to an increase in the amount of canolol in the oils investigated. When analysing the antioxidant activity of the oils and phenolic extracts it was shown that phenolic compounds are responsible for approx. 10% of total antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS: Various levels of biologically active compounds were shown to be present in the rapeseed oil obtained from raw materials of a varying moisture content. The type of pressing process (cold-pressing or hot-pressing) and whether the seeds have undergone roasting has also been shown to affect the resulting oil and the level of native antioxidants it contains.

Sterols and squalene in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel oils: the variety as a key factor.

The profile of sterols and squalene content in oils recovered from the kernels of 15 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties were investigated. Nine sterols (campesterol, ß-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, 24-methylene-cycloartanol, cholesterol, gramisterol, Δ7-stigmasterol, Δ7-avenasterol and citrostadienol) were identified in apricot kernel oils. The ß-sitosterol was the predominant sterol in each cultivar and consisted of 76-86% of the total detected sterols. The content of total sterols and squalene were significantly affected by the variety and ranged between 215.7-973.6 and 12.6-43.9 mg/100 g of oil, respectively.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) vegetative parts as an unconventional source of lipophilic antioxidants.

The profile of lipophilic antioxidants in different vegetative parts (leaves, shoots, buds and berries) was studied in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) male and female plants collected in the end of spring. Five lipophilic compounds, i.e. three tocopherol homologues (α, ß and γ), plastochromanol-8 and ß-carotene, were identified in each vegetative part of male and female sea buckthorn plants at the following concentrations: 7.25-35.41, 0.21-2.43, 0.41-1.51, 0.19-1.79 and 4.43-24.57 mg/100 g dry weight basis. Additionally, significant amounts of α-tocotrienol (1.99 mg/100 g dry weight basis) were detected in buds. The α-tocopherol and ß-carotene were predominant lipophilic antioxidants in each vegetative part, accounting for 78.3-97.0% of identified compounds. The greatest amounts of lipophilic antioxidants were found in leaves, especially of female plants. Nevertheless, apart from leaves, also shoots of plants of both sexes seem to be a good source of α-tocopherol and ß-carotene.

Physical and Bioactive Properties of Muffins Enriched with Raspberry and Cranberry Pomace Powder: A Promising Application of Fruit By-Products Rich in Biocompounds.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects on quality of incorporating raspberry and cranberry pomaces into American-style muffins prepared under various baking conditions. The different baking conditions did not affect the texture or microstructure of the control muffins. The enhanced samples baked at 140 °C for 30 min were characterized by a harder texture than the control muffins and by a distributed protein matrix and distorted starch granules, while those baked at 240 °C for 15 min had a moist texture and showed incomplete starch gelatinization. The mean percent recovery of ellagic acid, flavonols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and anthocyanins after baking were 156, 53, 48, 43, and 22 %, respectively. Lower baking temperature was better for ellagic acid and tocotrienols, but worse for flavonols, tocopherols, and anthocyanins. It seems that, for the enhanced samples, the intermediate baking conditions (180 °C for 20 min) guarantee the best microstructure and texture and the appropriate retention of phytochemicals in muffins.