Peroperative Cooling in Rhinoplasty: Does it Differ?

The main causes of ecchymosis and edema are osteotomy (bone manipulation), dissection of subcutaneous tissue, and skin manipulation in the rhinoplasty procedure. Eyelid edema following surgery can potentially affect visual acuity, particularly during the initial twenty-four hours after the procedure. These may also delay the patient's return to their normal social life therefore hampering their quality of life. Various surgical and medical methods have been reported to address these issues. This study aimed to compare the effects of using cold saline (0-4 °C) versus room temperature saline (20-25 °C) irrigation throughout the surgery on postoperative edema, ecchymosis, and pain. Fifty patients who underwent open-approach primary rhinoplasty between August 2022 and August 2023 at a tertiary academic center were included. Fifty patients were randomly divided into two groups depending on using cold saline (0-4 °C) (group 1) or room temperature saline (20-25 °C) (group 2) during surgical site irrigation. Patients were assessed for pain, edema, and bruising using a VAS (Visual Analog Scale) on the second and seventh postoperative days. Visual analog score (VAS) was used for subjective outcome analyses. Each patient scored the severity of their periorbital ecchymosis on day two and seven. Periorbital ecchymosis was also evaluated on the second and seventh postoperative days using the SPREE (Surgeon Periorbital Rating of Edema and Ecchymosis) scale. On the second postoperative day, the VAS pain score in group 1, where cold water was used, was found to be statistically and significantly different from the control group (group 2) (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between both groups when comparing the VAS pain scores on the seventh postoperative day. Regarding the VAS ecchymosis score on the seventh postoperative day, there was a statistically significant difference favoring group 1 (p < 0.05). The SPREE scale data also indicated that group 1 had significantly lower scores on the seventh day (p < 0.05). While the SPREE scores on the second day were lower in group 1 than in group 2, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.061). The findings from our study show that cold saline irrigation may contribute to intraoperative hemostasis by inducing local vasoconstriction. We observed that intraoperative bleeding decreased with the use of cold saline. This approach has the potential to improve patient satisfaction and overall quality of life by reducing postoperative ecchymosis without significantly increasing the cost of the surgical procedure.Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The Effectiveness of Biological Agents on Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis in Patients with Comorbid Asthma: A Multicenter Real-Life Study from Türkiye.

Background and Objectives: Real-life data on the efficacy of biologic agents (BAs) on asthma-comorbid CRSwNP are needed. Our primary goal is to investigate the effects of BAs on CRSwNP symptoms, as well as endoscopic and tomography scores. Our secondary goal is to show a reduction in the frequency of acute sinusitis exacerbations and the need for surgery. Materials and Methods: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, real-life study. We screened the patients with asthma-comorbid CRSwNP treated with omalizumab or mepolizumab. A total of 69 patients (40 F/29 M; omalizumab n = 55, mepolizumab n = 14) were enrolled. We compared the visual analog scale (VAS), sinonasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22), nasal congestion score (NCS), Lund-Mackay computed tomography score (LMS), and total endoscopic polyp scores (TPS) before and after BAs. We evaluated the endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis (AECRS) frequencies separately, according to the BAs. Results: The overall median (min-max) age was 43 (21-69) years. The median (min-max) of biologic therapy duration was 35 (4-113) months for omalizumab and 13.5 (6-32) for mepolizumab. Significant improvements were seen in VAS, SNOT-22, and NCS with omalizumab and mepolizumab. A significant decrease was observed in TPS with omalizumab [95% CI: 0-4] (p < 0.001), but not with mepolizumab [95% CI: -0.5-2] (p = 0.335). The frequency of ESS and AECRS were significantly reduced with omalizumab [95% CI: 2-3] (p < 0.001) and [95% CI: 2-5] (p < 0.001); and mepolizumab [95% CI: 0-2] (p = 0.002) and [95% CI: 2-8.5] (p < 0.001), respectively. There was no significant difference in LMS with either of the BAs. Conclusions: Omalizumab and mepolizumab can provide a significant improvement in the sinonasal symptom scores. BAs are promising agents for CRSwNP patients with frequent exacerbations and multiple surgeries.

Evaluation of Swallowing Function in Relation to Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Patients with Operated Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) signs and symptoms in patients with operated unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on 15 adolescents with operated unilateral CLP (CLP group) and 15 non-cleft volunteers (control group). Initially, the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) questionnaire was administered to subjects. OD signs and symptoms such as coughing, the sensation of choking, globus sensation, the need to clear the throat, nasal regurgitation, difficulties of bolus control multiple swallowing were evaluated by patient complaints and physical examination of swallowing function. Also, the Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale was used to determine the severity of the OD. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) with water, yogurt, and crackers was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of OD signs and symptoms based on patient complaints and physical examination of swallowing was low (range, 6.7 to 26.7%), and nonsignificant differences were observed between the groups for these parameters as well as for EAT-10 scores. According to the Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale findings, 11 of 15 patients with CLP were asymptomatic. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing indicated that post-swallow pharyngeal wall residues with yogurt were significant in the CLP group with a prevalence of 53% ( P < 0.05), whereas differences between the groups in terms of cracker and water residues were nonsignificant ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: OD in patients with repaired CLP was manifested mainly in the form of pharyngeal residue. However, it did not appear to cause significant increases in patient complaints compared with healthy individuals.

Evaluation of swallowing in transverse maxillary deficiency patients before and after rapid maxillary expansion.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate swallowing function in relation to oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) in adolescents who had transverse maxillary deficiency with posterior crossbite and high-arched palate, before, and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (mean age: 13.0 ± 3.1) with bilateral posterior crossbite and high-arched palate (RME group: RMEG) and 20 volunteers (mean age: 13.4 ± 2.6) with Class I crowding without posterior crossbite or high-arched palate (control group: CG) were recruited. OD signs and symptoms were evaluated using the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) questionnaire, patient complaints, and physical examination of swallowing function before (T1) and 7 months after (T2) RME. Additionally, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) with water, yogurt, and cracker was performed. In CG, evaluation of swallowing was performed only once, corresponding to T1 of RMEG. RESULTS: Prevalence of OD signs and symptoms based on patient complaints and physical examination of swallowing was low (5%-15%), and nonsignificant differences were observed between CG and RMEG at T1 for these parameters as well as for EAT-10 scores. Total post-swallow pharyngeal residue with yogurt was significantly different between CG and RMEG at T1, with a prevalence of 60% in RMEG (P < .05). There was no significant difference regarding residue with yogurt between T1 and T2 in RMEG (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Patients with a maxillary transverse deficiency were affected by pharyngeal residue as indicated by FEES, but it did not appear to improve in short-term follow-up in patients treated with RME.

Orbital abscess a rare complication after bichectomy surgery.

Bichectomy is the partial removal of the Bichat's fat pad for the aim of smoothing the facial contour. The complications of bichectomy include soft tissue infections, hematoma, facial paralysis (especially buccal branch paralysis), stenon canal injuries and related complications such as sialocele and sialoadenitis, however these are not common complications in clinical practice. Here we report a case of a 29-year-old white female with a right sided orbital abscess following bichectomy. Right sided orbital abscess and orbital cellulitis was managed with endoscopic decompression and drainage. The patient healed completely with no sequela. The frequency of major complications leading to moridity after bichectomy is rare in the literature. This is the first reported intraorbital complication of bichectomy.

The Effect of Mild Hypocapnia on Postoperative Ecchymosis in Rhinoplasty.

PURPOSE: Ecchymosis and edema are the most common complications in patients following rhinoplasty in the early postoperative period. Vasoconstriction created by hypocarbia may have a positive effect on postoperative ecchymosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild hypocapnia induced in rhinoplasty on the severity of periorbital ecchymosis. METHODS: The study was carried out retrospectively in the digital photographs (control group and study group) of 31 participants who underwent open technical rhinoplasty between January and March 2019. During the operation, partial carbon dioxide pressure in the study group was kept in the range of 32 to 38 mmHg and in the control group between 42 and 46 mmHg and this was confirmed by arterial blood gas measurements taken during the operation. Measuring the brightness and shadows of digital photos Digital color meter was used in MacOS X as a computer software. RESULTS: The mean ratio of periorbital ecchymosis to forehead brightness was 0.84 ± 0.05 in the study group and 0.81 ± 0.03 in the control group. There was no significant difference between the study and control groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION: This study investigates the potential role of hypocapnia on postoperative ecchymosis during rhinoplasty. The severity of ecchymosis was less in the patients with induced mild hypocapnia regarding both subjective and objective evaluations, but this difference didn't reach statistical significance compared to the normocapnic control group.

Evaluation of the effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on airway by acoustic rhinometry: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this 3-arm parallel trial was to compare the effects of tooth tissue-borne (TTB), tooth-borne (TB) and bone-borne (BB) rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances on nasal airway with acoustic rhinometry (AR). SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Forty-six 12- to 14-year-old patients with narrow maxilla were randomly allocated into 3 study groups accordingly the type of expander: TTB, TB and BB. The participants were recruited from the Department of Orthodontics, Izmir Katip Celebi University. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients had RME with an initial activation of two-quarter turns a day (0.5 mm) for an average of 8 days followed by 1 quarter turns per day for an average of 10 days. Disguised group allocation using opaque sealed envelopes was made with a computer-generated randomization program. The primary outcome was changes on the minimal nasal cross-sectional area (MCA). Secondary outcome included the assessment of nasal cavity volume. AR measurements were obtained at baseline (T0), immediately after the expansion (T1), and at 3 months-follow-up (T2). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni test were used for inter-group comparison and two-way ANOVA was used for intra-group evaluation. RESULTS: There were significant increases in MCA 1, 2 and nasal Vol in all groups after the treatment (95% [CI], P < 0.05) whereas in inter-group comparisons; MCA 1, 2 and nasal Vol, the changes were found to be similar (95% [CI], P > 0.05). HARMS: No serious harm was observed except for mild gingivitis due to plaque accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: RME treatment increased minimal nasal cross-sectional areas and nasal volume irrespective of appliance design. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier NCT04529057). PROTOCOL: The protocol was not published. FUNDING: This trial was financed by Izmir Katip Celebi University, Scientific Research Projects Unit [grant number 2016-TDR-SABE-0024].

Assessment of Different Middle Vault Reconstruction Techniques in Rhinoplasty from Multiple Patient-Reported Outcome Measures.

It is important to assess the patient satisfaction with shape and function by patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following structural or dorsal preservation rhinoplasty (DPR) techniques on the middle nasal vault. To analyze the results of different middle vault rhinoplasty techniques with multiple PROMs and compare their differences according to the findings of PROMs. Four different techniques were performed for the middle vault: spreader graft, L-strut graft, DPR with high strip (DPRwHS), DPR with low strip. The outcomes were evaluated preoperatively, 2 and 12 months postoperatively with the following PROMs: Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation, and Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey. This study included 129 patients. All techniques provided significant improvements in all PROMs (p < 0.001), except DPRwHS in NOSE. Between postoperative short- and longer-term, no significant differences were observed in DPR groups (p > 0.05), unlike structural techniques. In this comparative study of different middle nasal vault rhinoplasty techniques, we did not detect a difference in the improvement of the patient-reported outcomes of DPR techniques from as early as 2 months to 1 year postoperative.

The role of the WNT signaling pathway in the maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma.

Paranasal sinus tumors are a rare type of cancer. Most of these tumors are of epithelial origin and 80% of them are maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. The WNT signaling pathway is an essential embryonic regulatory pathway known to play an important role in many cancers, including head and neck cancers. However, the effect of this pathway in maxillary sinus tumors has not been studied before. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in the regulatory genes of the WNT signaling pathway in maxillary sinus tumors. For this purpose, total RNA was isolated from the pathological preparations of 85 patients who had previously been operated on for squamous cell maxillary sinus tumor, and gene expression changes were evaluated by real-time RT-qPCR. The interactions among proteins encoded by genes, whose expression levels were found to be decreased and increased, were determined by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis using string database, and signaling pathways that they are involved in were examined by Reactome database. A significant decrease in the expression of 28 genes compared to the control (fold change < 2.00 and p-value < 0.05) and a significant increase in the expression of 23 genes (fold change < 2.00 and p-value < 0.05) were detected. According to in silico analysis results, Signal Transduction (REACTOME:R-HSA-162582) and Signaling by WNT (REACTOME:R-HSA-195721) pathways were determined as most regulated pathways and FZD4-LRP5 and BCL9-CTNNB1 were determined as the strongest interactions. The current study contributes to illuminating the genetic regulation of maxillary sinus carcinoma in which genetic knowledge is limited. Our findings take attention to the dysregulations of the WNT signaling pathway that may support maxillary sinus carcinogenesis. The results will pave the way for further studies that investigate the therapy target potential of the WNT signaling pathway in this rare cancer.

Turkish Guideline for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis (ART).

OBJECT: To prepare a national guideline for Otorhinolaryngologist who treat allergic rhinitis patients. METHODS: The study was conducted by three authors, namely the writing support team. The support team made the study plan, determined the writing instructions, chose the subgroups including the advisory committee, the advisors for authors and the authors. A workshop was organized at the very beginning to explain the details of the study to the team. Advisors took the chance to meet their coworkers in their subgroups and determined the main headings and subheadings of the guideline, together with the authors. After key words were determined by the authors, literature search was done in various databases. The authors keep in touch with the advisors and the advisors with the advisory committee and the support group at every stage of the study. National and International published articles as well as the abstracts of unpublished studies, imperatively presented in National Congresses, were included in this guideline. Only Guideline and meta-analyses published in last seven years (2013-2017) and randomized controlled studies published in last two years (2015-2017) were included. After all work was completed by the subgroups, support team brought all work together and edited the article. RESULTS: A detailed guideline about all aspects of allergic rhinitis was created. CONCLUSION: The authors believe that this guideline will enable a compact and up-to-date information on allergic rhinitis to healthcare professionals. This guideline is the first in the field of Otolaryngology in Turkey. It should be updated at regular intervals.

Functional Role of Scroll Reconstruction in Open Rhinoplasty.

BACKGROUND: The scroll area of the nose is important for breathing; thereby, its reconstruction can improve the nasal patency. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of scroll reconstruction on breathing in patients following open rhinoplasty. METHODS: Using the prospective controlled study design, we enrolled a cohort of patients undergoing open rhinoplasty. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (each group with n = 14). The predictor variable was scroll reconstruction (yes/no). The main outcome variables include pre- and postoperative third-month peak nasal inspiratory flowmeter (PNIF) value (ml/min) and 10-Item Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS). Appropriate statistics were computed, and a P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was no demographic difference between both groups. Scroll reconstruction was associated with significantly improved PNIF post-surgery (P = 0.047). However, postoperative mean SCHNOS-O and SCHNOS-C was not different between the study and control groups (P = 0.58) CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that scroll reconstruction helps improve nasal patency during forced inspiration in open rhinoplasty patients and provides a similar aesthetic outcome compared to the non-scroll-reconstructed group. Future research works should be done in a larger patient cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Orbital complications of pediatric rhinosinusitis: A single institution report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common infections of childhood. Rhinosinusitis usually limits itself in the pediatric age group, however orbital and intracranial complications may arise in some of the patients. The purpose of the study was to retrospectively analyse the previous treatments and outcomes in pediatric rhinosinusitis patients with orbital complications. METHODS: The effect and prognosis of medical treatment and endoscopic sinus surgery are reported in this study. Twenty-five pediatric patients diagnosed with complicated rhinosinusitis between January 2008 - February 2016 were included in the study. Orbital complications, examination findings, radiological imaging and blood counts were retrospectively collected from patient files. The duration of hospitalization, source of the infection, complications, previous medical and surgical treatments were also retrospectively assessed. RESULTS: Average age of the patients were 8.84 ± 4.02 years (range: 1-16 years). The mean length of stay in hospital was 6.72 ± 3.28 days. Hospitalization in surgically treated group was higher than primarily medically treated group. However this difference could not reach to a statistically significant level (p > 0.05). Mean hospitalization time was found 5.21 ± 2.51 and 8.43 ± 2.87 days in patients diagnosed with preseptal cellulitis and subperiosteal abscess respectively. Hospitalization in patients with subperiosteal abscess was higher than preseptal cellulitis and a statistically significant difference was detected (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Morbidity and mortality of orbital complications which are the most common complications of pediatric rhinosinusitis, could significantly be reduced by using appropriate treatment methods and an early diagnosis. Conservative therapy is an effective method for patients with preseptal cellulitis and most cases of orbital cellulitis in children.

PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy regulator genes in paranasal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis.

Although there are many studies on the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy genes in the mechanism of head and neck cancer formation and prognostic significance, there is no study investigating the role of the genes in paranasal sinus carcinomas. The aim of the study was to assess the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy related gene expression changes in squamous cell carcinoma of paranasal sinuses with and without neck metastasis. Eight paranasal squamous cell carcinoma patients (five without and three with neck metastasis) were included. Tissues were obtained during the surgery. Total RNA was isolated from the tissues and cDNA synthesis was performed. Expression levels of the genes were determined using qRT-PCR method. The results were evaluated using the 2-∆∆Ct method, and fold changes of the gene expression levels in primary tumor and neck metastasis tissues were calculated according to the normal tissue. Expression levels of both PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and positive regulators of autophagy were significantly increased in metastasis-related two groups, especially in neck metastasis tissues. The increase in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy related gene expression levels may support the metastatic character in paranasal squamous cell carcinomas. This is the first study to assess autophagy related genes in paranasal sinus cancer at transcriptome-level. Support of the transcriptome-level findings by the further protein analyses will contribute to the illumination of the rare paranasal sinus cancer molecular biology.

The Effect of Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Skull Base Surgery on Cochlear Function.

Endoscopic transsphenoidal skull base surgery (ETSS) has become a standard approach in the treatment of sellar and clival lesions, such as pituitary adenoma and chordoma. Due to the close proximity of the clivus and the sella turcica to the inner ear, it is thought that bone drilling in the surgery may have effects on hearing. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bone drilling in ETSS procedure on cochlear function. This study was performed on 18 patients who underwent ETSS procedure between December 2016 and May 2017. The study was designed as a prospective study. All of the data were prospectively collected. These included demographic data, date of surgery, type of surgery, preoperative pure-tone audiometry, and preoperative and postoperative distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements. Of the DPOAE measurements of the patients who were operated for pituitary adenoma, there was a statistically significant difference between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz ( p < 0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences in preoperative and postoperative SNR measurements of six patients who were selected for clivus chordoma. When the preoperative and postoperative tonal audiometric tests of the patients were compared, no statistically significant difference was found ( p > 0.05). In conclusion, it is found that bone drilling in ETSS procedure has a negative effect on cochlear function in the early period. This is the first study to evaluate the degree of noise-induced cochlear damage in patients who were gone under ETSS procedure.

Procalcitonin Levels in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare procalcitonin levels of patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP) along with healthy controls. METHODS: A total of 67 subjects were included. Twenty-two CRSwNP patients were included in group A, 25 CRSsNP patients in group B, and the control group (group C) consisted of 20 healthy subjects. Procalcitonin level was assessed after CRSwNP or CRSsNP diagnosis. Healthy individuals scheduled for septorhinoplasty constituted the control group. Nasal polyposis was graded according to the Meltzer Clinical Scoring System. RESULTS: The mean procalcitonin levels of patients of groups A, B and C were 0.042±0.020 µg/L, 0.031±0.016 µg/L and 0.031±0.010 µg/L, respectively. Mean procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in group A compared to groups B and C (p=0.05 and p=0.032). However, mean procalcitonin levels were not significantly different between group B and group C (p=0.962). Four patients (18%) had grade 1, three had (13.6%) grade 2, eight had (36.4%) grade 3, and seven had (31.8%) grade 4 polyposis. Mean procalcitonin levels for grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 polyposis were 0.045±0.030 µg/L, 0.037±0.006 µg/L, 0.041±0.021 µg/L and 0.043±0.019 µg/L, respectively. No statistical significance was present regarding the mean procalcitonin levels of polyposis grades (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Procalcitonin, which is an important inflammatory marker especially in sepsis and systemic inflammation, was significantly elevated in CRSwNP patients compared to CRSsNP patients and healthy controls. This may support the presence of chronic mucosal inflammation in CRSwNP patients. However, procalcitonin is an indirect marker of inflammation and further studies with larger patient groups are warranted.

Effects of turbinoplasty versus outfracture and bipolar cautery on the compensatory inferior turbinate hypertrophy in septoplasty patients / Efeitos da turbinoplastia versus fratura lateral e cauterização bipolar no volume da concha inferior hipertrófica compensatória em pacientes submetidos a septoplastia

Abstract Introduction: The most common cause of septoplasty failure is inferior turbinate hypertrophy that is not treated properly. Several techniques have been described to date: total or partial turbinectomy, submucosal resection (surgical or with a microdebrider), with turbinate outfracture being some of those. Objective: In this study, we compared the pre- and postoperative lower turbinate volumes using computed tomography in patients who had undergone septoplasty and compensatory lower turbinate turbinoplasty with those treated with outfracture and bipolar cauterization. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 66 patients (37 men, 29 women) who were admitted to our otorhinolaryngology clinic between 2010 and 2017 because of nasal obstruction and who were operated on for nasal septum deviation. The patients who underwent turbinoplasty due to compensatory lower turbinate hypertrophy were the turbinoplasty group; Outfracture and bipolar cauterization were separated as the out fracture group. Compensatory lower turbinate volumes of all patients participating in the study (mean age 34.0 ± 12.4 years, range 17-61 years) were assessed by preoperative and postoperative 2 month coronal and axial plane paranasal computed tomography. Results: The transverse and longitudinal dimensions of the postoperative turbinoplasty group were significantly lower than those of the out-fracture group (p = 0.004). In both groups the lower turbinate volumes were significantly decreased (p = 0.002, p < 0.001 in order). The postoperative volume of the turbinate on the deviated side of the patients was significantly increased: tubinoplasty group (p = 0.033). Conclusion: Both turbinoplasty and outfracture are effective volume-reduction techniques. However, the turbinoplasty method results in more reduction of the lower turbinate volume than outfracture and bipolar cauterization.

Resumo Introdução: A causa mais comum de falha da septoplastia é a hipertrofia das conchas inferiores não tratada adequadamente. Diversas técnicas foram descritas até o momento: turbinectomia total ou parcial, ressecção da submucosa (cirúrgica ou com microdebridador) e a fratura lateral. Objetivo: Neste estudo, comparamos os volumes pré e pós-operatório da concha inferior com hipertrofia compensatória com o uso de tomografia computadorizada entre pacientes submetidos a septoplastia e turbinoplastia ou fratura lateral com cauterização bipolar. Método: Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu 66 pacientes (37 homens e 29 mulheres) internados em nosso serviço de otorrinolaringologia entre 2010 e 2017 por obstrução nasal e submetidos à cirurgia por desvio de septo nasal. Os pacientes submetidos à turbinoplastia devido à hiperplasia compensatória da concha inferior formaram o grupo turbinoplastia; aqueles submetidos à fratura lateral e cauterização bipolar foram separados, formaram o grupo fratura lateral. Os volumes compensatórios da concha inferior de todos os pacientes que participaram do estudo (idade média de 34,0 ± 12,4 anos, faixa de 17 a 61 anos) foram avaliados por tomografia computadorizada dos seios paranasais nos planos axial e coronal no pré-operatório e aos dois meses do pós-operatório. Resultados: As dimensões transversais e longitudinais do grupo turbinoplastia no pós-operatório foram significantemente menores do que as do grupo de fratura lateral (p = 0,004). Em ambos os grupos, os volumes da concha inferior diminuíram significantemente (p = 0,002, p < 0,001, respectivamente). O volume pós-operatório da concha do lado do desvio aumentou significantemente no grupo turbinoplastia (p = 0,033). Conclusão: Tanto a turbinoplastia como a fratura lateral são técnicas efetivas de redução de volume. No entanto, a turbinoplastia causa maior redução do volume da concha inferior do que a fratura lateral com cauterização bipolar.

Turkish Validation of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey.

The objective of this study is to provide a valid and reliable Turkish version of the original Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS). The SCHNOS questionnaire was translated from English to Turkish using standardized guidelines. Participants completed the questionnaire twice, with an interval of 7 to 10 days. Reliability and validity analyses were performed based on these answers. Differences between the rhinoplasty and control groups, the internal consistency of the instrument (Cronbach's alpha coefficient), and the strength of association between the two repeated measures (Pearson's correlation coefficient) were analyzed. Of the 188 included individuals (106 females, 82 males; mean age 28 ± 8.4 years), 97 were in the rhinoplasty group and 91 were in the control group. The mean total SCHNOS scores were 0.6 ± 0.4 and 29.4 ± 8.9 in the control and rhinoplasty groups, respectively, and there was a statistically significant difference in total scores between the groups (p < 0.001). The internal consistency reliability of the scale was found to be highly significant (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96, with a lower 95% confidence interval of 0.89). The test-retest correlation value was 0.95 for the total score, and each item had a strong test-retest correlation, ranging from 0.92 to 0.96. The Turkish version of the SCHNOS is a valid and reliable scale for evaluating both functional and cosmetic outcomes in Turkish-speaking patients undergoing rhinoplasty.

Comparison between Rescue Flap and Double Flap Technique.

Objectives Endoscopic techniques in pituitary surgery lead to inevitable mucosal loss of the sphenoethmoidal recess and posterior nasal septum in the nasal cavity. There is no other comparative study between primary reconstruction of septal perforation and secondary healing in the literature. The aim of this study is to evaluate postoperative patient morbidity with or without posterior septal perforation in endonasal pituitary surgery by comparing two commonly used techniques: rescue and double nasoseptal flaps. Design Prospectively randomized study. Setting Tertiary academic center. Participants Sixty patients underwent endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional results (breathing) using visual analog scale (VAS), sphenoid sinusitis, presence of synechia, perforation in the posterior septum, and crusting in the sphenoethmoidal recess were assessed. Results Pre- and postoperative mean VAS scores were 71.67 ± 11.47 and 67.67 ± 9.71 mm in the intact septum group and 77.67 ± 14.06 and 62.67 ± 10.48 mm in the posterior septal perforation group. There was a significant difference between pre- and postoperative VAS values in all groups. There was significant worsening in both groups; worsening in VAS values was much higher in the posterior septal perforation group. In the posterior septal perforation group, much more crusting was seen. Conclusions This is the first study to compare the postoperative patient morbidity in endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery with and without a posterior septal perforation. Reconstruction of the posterior septum along with less mucosal loss yields better postoperative nasal symptom score.