Factors impacting D-dimer levels in patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular events.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A better understanding of the factors influencing D-dimer levels in code stroke patients is needed to guide further investigations of concomitant thrombotic conditions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of time from symptom onset and other factors on D-dimer levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS: Data on consecutive AIS and TIA patients treated at our tertiary-care stroke center between January 2015 and December 2020 were retrospectively assessed. Patients with available D-dimer levels were evaluated for eligibility. Multivariable non-linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: In total, 2467 AIS patients and 708 TIA patients were included. The median D-dimer levels differed between the AIS and TIA groups (746 µg/L [interquartile range 381-1468] versus 442 µg/L [interquartile range 244-800], p<0.001). In AIS patients, an early increase in D-dimer levels was demonstrated within the first 6 h (standardized beta coefficient [ß] 0.728; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.324-1.121). This was followed by an immediate decrease (ß -13.022; 95% CI -20.401 to -5.643) and then by a second, late increase after 35 h (ß 11.750; 95% CI 4.71-18.791). No time-dependent fluctuation in D-dimer levels was observed in TIA patients. CONCLUSION: The time from symptom onset may affect D-dimer levels in patients with AIS but not those with TIA. Further studies confirming these findings and validating time-specific variations are needed to enable D-dimer levels to be used efficiently as an acute stroke and thrombotic risk biomarker.

Early versus Later Anticoagulation for Stroke with Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: The effect of early as compared with later initiation of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in persons with atrial fibrillation who have had an acute ischemic stroke is unclear. METHODS: We performed an investigator-initiated, open-label trial at 103 sites in 15 countries. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to early anticoagulation (within 48 hours after a minor or moderate stroke or on day 6 or 7 after a major stroke) or later anticoagulation (day 3 or 4 after a minor stroke, day 6 or 7 after a moderate stroke, or day 12, 13, or 14 after a major stroke). Assessors were unaware of the trial-group assignments. The primary outcome was a composite of recurrent ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, major extracranial bleeding, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, or vascular death within 30 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included the components of the composite primary outcome at 30 and 90 days. RESULTS: Of 2013 participants (37% with minor stroke, 40% with moderate stroke, and 23% with major stroke), 1006 were assigned to early anticoagulation and 1007 to later anticoagulation. A primary-outcome event occurred in 29 participants (2.9%) in the early-treatment group and 41 participants (4.1%) in the later-treatment group (risk difference, -1.18 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.84 to 0.47) by 30 days. Recurrent ischemic stroke occurred in 14 participants (1.4%) in the early-treatment group and 25 participants (2.5%) in the later-treatment group (odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.07) by 30 days and in 18 participants (1.9%) and 30 participants (3.1%), respectively, by 90 days (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.33 to 1.06). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 2 participants (0.2%) in both groups by 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial, the incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, major extracranial bleeding, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, or vascular death at 30 days was estimated to range from 2.8 percentage points lower to 0.5 percentage points higher (based on the 95% confidence interval) with early than with later use of DOACs. (Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and others; ELAN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03148457.).

Association of diabetes mellitus and admission glucose levels with outcome after endovascular therapy in acute ischaemic stroke in anterior circulation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the association of diabetes mellitus (DM) and admission hyperglycaemia (AH), respectively, and outcome in patients with acute ischaemic stroke with large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation treated with endovascular therapy (EVT) in daily clinical practice. METHODS: Consecutive EVT patients admitted to our stroke centre between February 2015 and April 2020 were included in this observational cohort study. Patients with versus without DM and with versus without AH (glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L) were compared. RESULTS: We included 1020 patients (48.9% women, median age = 73.1 years); 282 (27.6%) had DM, and 226 (22.2%) had AH. Patients with versus without DM less often showed successful reperfusion (odds ratio [OR]adjusted  = 0.61, p = 0.023) and worse 3-month functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] = 0-2: 31.3% vs. 48%, ORadjusted  = 0.59, p = 0.004; death: 38.9% vs. 24.1%, ORadjusted  = 1.75, p = 0.002; mRS shift: padjusted  < 0.0001; if moderate/good collaterals and mismatch, mRS = 0-2: ORadjusted  = 0.52, p = 0.005; death: ORadjusted  = 1.95, p = 0.005). If analysis was additionally adjusted for AH, only mRS shift was still significantly worse in patients with DM (padjusted  = 0.012). Patients with versus without AH showed similar successful reperfusion rates and worse 3-month functional outcome (mRS = 0-2: 28.3% vs. 50.4%, ORadjusted  = 0.52, p < 0.0001; death: 40.4% vs. 22.4%, ORadjusted  = 1.80, p = 0.001; mRS shift: padjusted  < 0.0001; if moderate/good collaterals and mismatch, mRS = 0-2: ORadjusted  = 0.38, p < 0.0001; death: ORadjusted  = 2.39, p < 0.0001). If analysis was additionally adjusted for DM, 3-month functional outcome remained significantly worse in patients with AH (mRS = 0-2: ORadjusted  = 0.58, p = 0.004; death: ORadjusted  = 1.57, p = 0.014; mRS shift: padjusted  = 0.004). DM independently predicted recurrent/progressive in-hospital ischaemic stroke (OR = 1.71, p = 0.043) together with admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (OR = 0.95, p = 0.005), and AH independently predicted in-hospital symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (OR = 2.21, p = 0.001). The association of admission continuous glucose levels and most outcome variables was (inversely) J-shaped. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycaemia more than DM was associated with worse 3-month outcome in the patients studied, more likely so in the case of moderate/good collaterals and mismatch in admission imaging.

[Intracerebral haemorrhage - acute event and chronic disease]. / Die intrazerebrale Hirnblutung: Akutes Ereignis und chronische Erkrankung.

Intracerebral haemorrhage - acute event and chronic disease Abstract. Intracerebral hemorrhage accounts for 10-15% of all strokes and approximately 1'500-2'000 patients per year in Switzerland. Acute treatment by multi-disciplinary experts at certified stroke units and stroke centers is important to provide optimal care. A simple ABC-care bundle (revert anticoagulation, control blood pressure, inform neurosurgeon) decreases poor outcome. Despite a high mortality, one third of patients are functionally independent after intracerebral hemorrhage contradicting widespread pessimism. About 80% of all intracerebral hemorrhage are attributable to different types of cerebral small vessel disease. Relative and absolute risks of recurrent hemorrhage and ischemic stroke differ significantly. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage are vascular high-risk patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease. Long-term outpatient management should include neurovascular specialists to deal with important decisions (blood pressure management, antithrombotic therapy including anticoagulation, specialized neurorehabilitation to improve neurocognitive deficits, therapy of possible complications such as epilepsy) to provide optimal and individual care to patients. Currently ongoing randomized controlled trials will provide important results in the next years further improving treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.

MRI characteristics in acute ischemic stroke patients with preceding direct oral anticoagulant therapy as compared to vitamin K antagonists.

BACKGROUND: Despite the utility of neuroimaging in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), imaging characteristics in patients with preceding direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have hardly been described. We aimed to determine presence of large vessel occlusion (LVO), thrombus length, infarction diameter, and occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation in AIS patients with preceding DOAC as compared to VKA therapy. METHODS: Using a prospectively collected cohort of AIS patients, we performed univariate and multivariable regression analyses regarding imaging outcomes. Additionally, we provide a sensitivity analysis for the subgroup of patients with confirmed therapeutic anticoagulation. RESULTS: We included AIS in patients with preceding DOAC (N = 75) and VKA (N = 61) therapy, median age 79 (IQR 70-83), 39% female. Presence of any LVO between DOAC and VKA patients (29.3% versus 37.7%, P = 0.361), and target LVO for endovascular therapy (26.7% versus 27.9%, P = 1.0) was equal with a similar occlusion pattern. DOAC as compared to VKA were associated with a similar rate of target LVO for EVT (aOR 0.835, 95% CI 0.368-1.898). The presence of multiple lesions and characteristics of the thrombus were similar in DOAC and VKA patients. Acute ischemic lesion diameter in real world patients was equal in patients taking DOAC as compared to VKA. Lesion diameter in VKA patients (median 13 mm, IQR 6-26 versus median 20 mm, IQR 7-36, P = 0.001), but not DOAC patients was smaller in the setting of confirmed therapeutic VKA. The frequency of radiological hemorrhagic transformation and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in OAC patients was low. Sensitivity analysis considering only patients with confirmed therapeutic anticoagulation did not change any of the results. CONCLUSION: Preceding DOAC treatment showed equal rates of LVO and infarct size as compared to VKA in AIS patients. This study adds to the knowledge of imaging findings in AIS patients with preceding anticoagulation.

Dizziness in the emergency department: an update on diagnosis.

This review aims to assist emergency physicians in finding the underlying aetiology when a patient presents with dizziness to the emergency department. After reading this review, the emergency physician will be able to consider the most relevant differential diagnoses and have an idea about dangerous aetiologies that require immediate action. The emergency physician will also know what diagnostic steps need to be taken at what time, such as the three-component HINTS Test (Head Impulse, Nystagmus, and Test-of-Skew), which helps with distinguishing central from peripheral causes of the acute vestibular syndrome. Furthermore, episodic vestibular syndromes and chronic vestibular syndromes are discussed in detail. The five most frequent categories of dizziness are vasovagal syncope / orthostatic hypotension (22.3%), vestibular causes (19.9%), fluid and electrolyte disorders (17.5%), circulatory/pulmonary causes (14.8%) and central vascular causes (6.4%). Given that it would neither be economical nor practical to send all patients to specialists from the start, we present general guidelines for the diagnostic workup of patients presenting with dizziness to the emergency department. This review will focus on epidemiology, aetiologies, differential diagnoses and diagnostics. Treatment is described in a separate article.

Treatment of dizziness: an interdisciplinary update.

This review provides an update on interdisciplinary treatment for dizziness. Dizziness can have various causes and the treatment offered should depend on the cause. After reading this article, the clinician will have an overview of current treatment recommendations. Recommendations are made for the most prevalent causes of dizziness including acute and chronic vestibular syndromes, vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, endolymphatic hydrops and Menière's disease, vestibular paroxysmia and vestibular migraine, cardiac causes, transient ischaemic attacks and strokes, episodic ataxia type 2, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, bilateral vestibulopathy, degenerative, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases, upbeat- and downbeat nystagmus. Recommendations include clinical approaches (repositioning manoeuvres), medication (adding, removing or changing current medication depending on aetiology), vestibular physiotherapy, ergotherapy and rehabilitation, treatment of chest pain or stroke units and surgical interventions. If symptoms are acute and severe, medication with antivertigo agents is recommended as a first step, for a maximum period of 3 days. Following initial symptom control, treatment is tailored depending on aetiology. To assist the clinician in obtaining a useful overview, the level of evidence and number needed to treat are reported whenever possible based on study characteristics. In addition, warnings about possible arrhythmias due to medication are issued, and precautions to enable these to be avoided are discussed.