Dysfunctional Parenting and Psychological Symptomatology: An Examination of the Mediator Roles of Anger Representations in the Context of the Schema Therapy Model.

In this study, we investigated the mediator roles of anger-related schema modes in the relationship between dysfunctional parent modes and psychological symptoms. We focused on specific schema modes (i.e., punitive and demanding parent modes; vulnerable, angry, and enraged child modes; and the angry protector mode). The study included 297 college students (159 women), with the average age of the sample being 19.66 years (SD = 1.53, range = 18 to 29 years). All participants completed self-report questionnaires on schema modes and psychological symptoms, as well as a demographic form. We evaluated two different mediational models to understand two different dysfunctional parenting styles. The results suggest that all variables significantly correlated with each other and almost all the direct paths in the models were significant. However, the mediator analysis revealed that some of the anger-related modes had very low but significant mediator roles in the models (i.e., the angry child mode for both models and the enraged child mode for the demanding parenting model). The vulnerable child mode played a central and key role in the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and psychological symptoms. The study suggests that anger representations might be windows to understand and intervene in unmet core emotional needs.

Limited reparenting as a corrective emotional experience in schema therapy: A preliminary task analysis.

AIM: To construct a process model of limited reparenting as a corrective emotional experience using schema therapy (ST). METHOD: We followed a task analytical approach, building two separate rational models based on the ST theory and our experience. Then, we constructed a final rational model. We tested our model in five therapy sessions. RESULTS: The process began with noticing a schema activation, after which a complex, interwoven process occurred involving facilitation and validation of the client's experiences, exploration of schema origins, engaging the client's process, and responding to unmet needs within professional boundaries. The limited reparenting experience in ST involves the use of psychotherapeutic techniques and, crucially, how these techniques are used in line with the ST model deployed. CONCLUSION: Our results provided a roadmap and clarified the important aspects of limited reparenting. Providing clients with healthy and potentially corrective emotional experiences, facilitating and validating the feelings, understanding schema origins, and being willing to provide limited reparenting are the key features of the ST. It is more important to comprehend the philosophy behind ST than to focus on the specific (cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, etc.) techniques.

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory.

Coping styles such as overcompensation and avoidance are attempts that developed as survival mechanisms in difficult childhood environments. The objective of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory (YRAI). The sample (n = 1,555) randomly split into two groups to run principal component and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). A parallel analysis was run to determine the factor number. CFA was carried out with maximum likelihood estimation robust method. Eight factors with 30 items were the final form of the Turkish YRAI. Cronbach alpha levels of each factor and inter-correlations with the Turkish Young Schema Questionnaire, Symptom Check List-90 revised, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were calculated. Internal consistency analysis revealed acceptable coefficients. As to convergent validity, the correlational analysis showed statistically significant coefficients. Overall, the Turkish YRAI was found to have acceptable levels of reliability and validity.

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to build and examine the Turkish Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) short form which was originally developed by Horvath and Greenberg (1989) based on Bordin's pan-theoretical conceptualization of therapeutic alliance. METHOD: The Hacettepe University Psychotherapy Research Laboratory data set which included the masters's or doctoral level clinical psychology practitioners- patient pairs (83 sessions from 58 therapist and 83 patient). Short forms (e.g. therapist-client versions) that were built based on Tracey and Kokotovic's (1989) and Hatcher and Gillaspy's (2006) studies were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis approach. During these analyses, the WAI measurements from the third sessions were based. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the short forms which were suggested in the aforementioned literature, had good fit for both therapist and patient sample. Correlations between original Turkish forms and subscales, internal consistency levels and fit indices were reviewed together to reach a final decision. The short form which was suggested by Tracey and Kokotovic showed more appropriate statistical results. The final forms' Cronbach Alpha's levels were 0.90 and 0.86 for therapist and patient forms respectively. CONCLUSION: Considering consistency with the observer form items (Soygüt and Uluç 2009) addition to inter-correlations, internal consistency levels and fit indices, the WAI-Short Forms were built    for therapist and patient. Our findings suggested that the WAI-Short Forms for therapist and patient have acceptable levels of reliability and validity for clinical and research settings in Turkey.

A comparison of pre-dropout and temporary rupture sessions in psychotherapy.

Although numerous studies have investigated the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and dropout, most have focused on the relationship between alliance quality and psychotherapy outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To compare sessions with therapeutic alliance ruptures and two sessions prior to treatment dropout (pre-dropout) in terms of rupture subtypes, psychotherapists' behavior, attitudes, and session content. METHOD: We implemented quantitative methods to select the sessions and qualitative methods to analyze them. We analyzed 16 temporary rupture sessions from 12 therapist-patient dyads and 16 pre-dropout sessions from 8 different therapist-patient dyads. The sessions originate from clinical psychology Master's or Doctoral students under supervision in either cognitive behavioral or schema therapy. Pre-dropout sessions were considered unrepaired rupture sessions while rupture sessions were subsequently repaired. RESULTS: Results revealed apparent differences and similarities between the session types in positive and negative psychotherapist behaviors, content intensity, and the type and frequency of ruptures. We explored three new rupture subtypes: attributing positive developments to other sources, indirect speech, and sarcastic hostility. CONCLUSIONS: A striking implication is that the frequency of positive and negative psychotherapist behaviors, ruptures, and session content is more likely to decrease in the pre-dropout sessions than in the temporary rupture sessions.

The mediator role of the cognitive features in the relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms: the locus of control and repetitive thinking.

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the study is to investigate the mediator roles of locus of control and repetitive thinking in the known relationship between adult attachment patterns and depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and social anxiety symptoms. Together with this aim we sought to generate an integrative point of view to these relationships using a cognitive framework. METHOD: There were 992 participants (661 women, 331 men) for the locus of control model, and 875 participants (581 women, 294 men) for the repetitive thinking model. All of the participants were college students and come from 14 different colleges across 9 different provinces. Participants were evaluated using the Locus of Control Scale, the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire, the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-II, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Structural Equation Modeling and mediator analysis were applied to the data. RESULTS: The results revealed that there are some partial mediator roles of the locus of control in the relationship between attachment anxiety and depression, OCD and social anxiety for women but there is only an association with depression for men. Regarding repetitive thinking, there are some partial mediator roles between attachment anxiety and depression, OCD and social anxiety for both women and men. These cognitive features do not mediate the relationship between avoidant attachment and psychopathology symptoms for either women or men. CONCLUSION: This study uncovered that cognitive features are important and incontrovertible variables in the relationship between attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms.

[The mediator role of cognitive features in the relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms: cognitive flexibility]. / Yetiskin baglanma örüntüleri ile psikopatoloji belirtileri arasindaki iliskide bilissel özelliklerin araci rolü: bilissel esneklik.

OBJECTIVE: The principle aim of the study is to investigate the mediator role of cognitive flexibility in the known relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms, including depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and social anxiety. Additionally, this study aims to generate integrative data regarding the relationship between early life experiences and psychopathology using a cognitive framework. METHOD: There were 992 participants (661 women, 331 men) from 14 different colleges across 9 different provinces and. participants were evaluated using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-II, Beck Depression Inventory, the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Structural Equation Modeling and mediator analysis were applied to the data. RESULTS: The results showed that there are some partial and full mediator roles of the cognitive flexibility-control in the relationship between attachment anxiety and depression, OCD and social anxiety for both women and men.Cognitive flexibility- control does not mediate the relationship between avoidant attachment and psychopathology symptoms for men, but cognitive flexibility-control has a partial mediator role in the relationship between avoidant attachment and both depression and social anxiety for women. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that cognitive flexibility- control is an important variable in the relationship between attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms in both women and men.