Behavioral and Cognitive Consequences of Obesity in Parents and Offspring in Female and Male Rats: Implications of Neuroinflammation and Neuromodulation.

Obesity is a rapidly growing public health concern that can create a family-wise burden. This study was aimed to investigate behavioral, cognitive, neuroinflammatory, and neuromodulatory consequences of the diet and parental obesity. Female and male Wistar albino rats were fed on either an obesogenic or standard diet for 12 weeks, beginning with weaning. Thereafter, the animals were matched and allowed to mate. Pups born to obese or normal parents received either the diet or standard chow to the same age. The obesogenic diet and/or parental obesity increased the locomotor activity in both females and males. The diet exhibited anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties, and impaired short-term object memory as well as spatial memory. Interestingly, the obesogenic diet resulted in neuroinflammation only in naïve animals, but not in the ones with parental obesity. BDNF, SIRT1, and p53 expressions were decreased, whereas RelN expression was increased in the brain with the diet, regardless of parental obesity. Multi-factor analyses demonstrated that the obesogenic diet is the prominent influencer of cognitive, neuroinflammatory, and neuromodulatory results while parental obesity has an effect on spatial memory, neuroinflammation, and hippocampal RelN and p53 expressions. Here, we provided supporting evidence for detrimental cognitive and neuroinflammatory consequences of early life consumption of the obesogenic diet which accompanies alterations in neuromodulatory factors. Surprisingly, the diet was found beneficial against anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors, and additionally, parental obesity was demonstrated to impair some aspects of cognitive performance which appears unrelated to neuroinflammation.

[Investigation of Polymerase Chain Reaction Method in Patients with Suspected Chronic Cutaneous Leishmania of Negative Microscopy]. / Mikroskop Incelemesi Negatif Olan Süpheli Kronik Kutanöz Leishmania Olgularinin Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu Yöntemi ile Arastirilmasi.

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. In the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), in the smear samples, the demonstration of the parasite by microscope remains a gold standard method. However, it becomes difficult to diagnose the parasite since the number of amastigotes in chronic cases with a lesion of one year or longer is very low. Due to many factor such as patients primarily do not to take any notice these lesions in their bodies, do not apply to health institutions or late applied, receive wrong treatment; the diagnosis and treatment are delayed. In addition, it is been worse prognosis by add secondary infection to lesions and wounds become chronic. For this reason, molecular methods are used in addition to microscopic examination in chronic suspected CL cases. It was aimed to reveal of the molecular diagnostic value in chronic suspected CL cases by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the smear belonging to Turkish patients that reported to be evaluated clinically because it can not be seen Leishmania amastigotes in microscopic examination. Smear of 50 Turkish patients who were clinically reported of the evaluation of chronic CL were selected. These samples were smears belonging to suspected CL patients that applied Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Parasitology laboratory from different polyclinics and were decided to be evaluated clinically as a result of microscopic examination because they came from endemic regions (such as Hassa, Altinözü, Yayladagi). DNA was isolated from selected samples and PCR was performed using 13A, 13B primers targeting the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) region. The samples found positive by PCR were typed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis using LITSR and L5.8S primers targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region. Of the 50 smear samples, 17 (34%) were determined positive with 13A, 13B primers targeting the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) region. Positive samples were also found to be positive with LITSR and L5.8S primers targeting ITS-1 region. The PCR products obtained from PCR with ITS-1 gene region were digested with the restriction endonucleases BsuRI (HaeIII). As a result of PCR-RFLP analysis, it was determined that 11 of Leishmania tropica, one of Leishmania major and five of Leishmania infantum/donovani out of 17 samples. Chronic CL can be confused with skin diseases such as sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, malignant tumors. In particular, chronic CL cases can be escaped the attention for many reasons such as failure to diagnose correctly, insufficient microscope experience, fail to see due to low number of parasites. For this reason, it was concluded that PCR, which is a molecular method, should be used in chronic suspected CL samples which are negative for the parasite by microscopic examination.