ABSTRACT
Lidocaine is classified as a class Ib anti-arrhythmic that blocks voltage- and pH-dependent sodium channels. It exhibits well investigated anti-arrhythmic effects and has been the anti-arrhythmic of choice for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias for several decades. Lidocaine binds primarily to inactivated sodium channels, decreases the action potential duration, and increases the refractory period. It increases the ventricular fibrillatory threshold and can interrupt life-threatening tachycardias caused by re-entrant mechanisms, especially in ischemic tissue. Its use was pushed into the background in the era of amiodarone and modern electric device therapy. Recently, lidocaine has come back into focus for the treatment of acute sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In this brief overview, we review the clinical pharmacology including possible side effects, the historical course, possible indications, and current Guideline recommendations for the use of lidocaine.
Subject(s)
Amiodarone , Lidocaine , Humans , Lidocaine/adverse effects , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Amiodarone/adverse effects , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/drug therapy , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Sodium Channels/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Seizures and epilepsy may substantially add to the burden of disease in multiple sclerosis (MS), whereas the exact prevalence and prognosis of seizures and epilepsy in patients with MS remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the epidemiology and prognosis of seizures and epilepsy in MS. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 4078 MS patients from a single tertiary referral clinic. RESULTS: After excluding 37 patients with unconfirmed MS and alternative seizure etiologies, we found seizures attributable to MS in 1.5% and epilepsy in 0.9% of patients. 40.4% of patients with a follow-up of at least twelve months experienced only a single seizure and 59.6% had recurring seizures. 39% of patients with recurrent seizures were considered drug-resistant, with 9.7% experiencing status epilepticus. Seizure recurrence after a first seizure depended significantly on the MS subtype and was seen more often if the first seizure occurred simultaneously with a MS relapse than in the absence of a relapse. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a lower number of seizures and epilepsy in MS than previously reported. While a single seizure in MS usually has a good prognosis, relapse-associated seizures and established epilepsy in MS may not be as benign as previously assumed.
