Effects of blends of camel and calf chymosin on proteolysis, residual coagulant activity, microstructure, and sensory characteristics of Beyaz peynir.

Beyaz peynir, a white brined cheese, was manufactured using different blends of camel chymosin (100, 75, 50, 25, and 0%) with calf chymosin and ripened for 90 d. The purpose of this study was to determine the best mixture of coagulant for Beyaz peynir, in terms of proteolysis, texture, and melting characteristics. The cheeses were evaluated in terms of chemical composition, levels of proteolysis, total free amino acids, texture, meltability, residual coagulant activity, microstructure, and sensory properties during 90 d of ripening. Differences in the gross chemical composition were statistically significant for all types of cheeses. Levels of proteolysis were highly dependent on the blends of the coagulants. Higher proteolysis was observed in cheeses that used a higher ratio of calf chymosin. Differences in urea-PAGE and peptide profiles of each cheese were observed as well. Meltability values proportionally increased with the higher increasing levels of calf chymosin in the blend formula. These coagulants had a slight effect on the microstructure of cheeses. The cheese made with camel chymosin had a harder texture than calf chymosin cheese, and hardness values of all cheese samples decreased during ripening. The cheeses with a high ratio of calf chymosin had higher residual enzyme activity than those made with camel chymosin. No significant difference in sensory properties was observed among the cheeses. In conclusion, cheeses made with a high level of calf chymosin had a higher level of proteolysis, residual coagulant activity, and meltability. The cheeses also had a softer texture than cheeses made with a high content of camel chymosin. Camel chymosin may be used as a coagulant alone if low or limited levels of proteolysis are desired in cheese.

Smokers have a higher risk of inflammatory peri-implant disease than non-smokers.

AIM: To comparatively evaluate peri-implant health status in smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 142 implants (74 implants in non-smokers, 68 in smokers) in 43 smoker or non-smoker systemically healthy patients were included in the study. Demographic and clinical periodontal data were recorded and analysed by chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: Peri-implantitis and mucositis cases were significantly more frequent in the smokers than non-smokers (p = .001). Suppuration, bleeding and plaque scores around the implants were significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (p = .001; p = .002; p < .0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The present findings indicate that smokers have a higher risk of inflammatory peri-implant diseases. Therefore, more frequent recalls may be recommended in smokers with dental implants.

Differentiation of Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis by FTIR Spectroscopy.

Without longitudinal clinical data, it is difficult to differentiate some cases of chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Furthermore, both forms of disease are exacerbated by tobacco use. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was planned, primarily, to determine the ability of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to distinguish CP and AgP patients by analysis of human saliva samples and, secondarily, to assess the potential confounding influence of smoking on discriminating disease-specific spectral signatures. FTIR spectra were collected from patients with a clinical diagnosis of CP (n = 18; 7 smokers) or AgP (n = 23; 9 smokers). Self-reported smoking status, which may be unreliable, was confirmed by salivary cotinine analysis. Spectral band area analysis and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to clarify if the 2 periodontitis groups as well as smoker and nonsmoker patients could be differentiated from each other. Significant variations in lipid, amino acid, lactic acid, and nucleic acid content were found between nonsmoker CP and AgP groups. Although significantly lower lipid, phospholipid, protein, amino acid, lactic acid, and nucleic acid content was noted in the smoker AgP group compared with the nonsmoker AgP group, in the CP group, phospholipid, protein, amino acid, and lactic acid content was significantly lower for smokers compared with the nonsmokers. Based on these variations, nonsmoker CP and AgP patients were discriminated from each other with high sensitivity and specificity. Successful differentiation was also obtained for the smoker CP and AgP groups. Thiocyanate levels successfully differentiated smokers from nonsmokers, irrespective of periodontal status, with 100% accuracy. Differentiation of AgP and CP forms, concomitant with determination of smoking status, may allow the dental health professional to tailor treatment accordingly.

Graft stabilization with cyanoacrylate decreases shrinkage of free gingival grafts.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate three different stabilization methods with regards to the amount of shrinkage in free gingival graft. METHODS: Forty-five patients were included in three study groups: where stabilization was achieved with conventional technique, cyanoacrylate or microsurgery. In the conventional group standardized 5-0 sutures were used. In the microsurgery group grafts were stabilized with 7-0 sutures and loupe. In the third group, graft was stabilized with cyanoacrylate. Keratinized tissue width, graft area, gingival recession were calculated by a specific software on standard photographs at baseline, 1-, 3-, 6-month follow-ups. Duration of surgery was also recorded. Pain in recipient and donor sites was assessed using visual analogue scale within the first postoperative week. RESULTS: Change in keratinized tissue width was similar in the study groups at all times. Graft shrinkage was significantly less (p < 0.05) in the cyanoacrylate group than the other groups, whereas those in the conventional and microsurgery groups were similar. Significantly less pain in the recipient site was reported by the patients in the cyanoacrylate group (p < 0.05). Duration of surgery was significantly less in the cyanoacrylate group than the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Less graft shrinkage in the free gingival graft, together with shorter surgery time and less pain in the recipient site obtained in the cyanoacrylate group, suggest that cyanoacrylate may be considered as an alternative for stabilization of free gingival grafts.