Incorporating patient preferences into osteoarthritis treatment.

Objectives: This study aims to identify the relationship between treatment modalities and the patients' preferences in osteoarthritis (OA) treatment and identify the related factors. Patients and methods: This multi-center, cross-sectional study included a total of 305 patients with OA (66 males, 239 females; mean age: 66.4±9.7 years; range, 38 to 90 years) between July 2019 and January 2020. Data including demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Results: The mostly common involvement sites were knee joints, lumbar, and cervical regions, respectively. Prior to the study, the treatment modalities which were prescribed to patients were oral drugs (79.7%), topical drugs (73.8%), home-based exercise program (62.6%), and physical therapy (outpatient) (61.3%). Of the recommended remedy, 89.2% were prescribed by physiatrists, 24.6% by orthopedists, 5.6% by family practitioners, 2.6% by neurosurgeons, and 1.6% by algologists. The most beneficial treatments (to whom) were inpatient physical therapy program (47%), oral drugs (41%), home-based exercise programs (24.9%) according to patients' perspective. According to patient preferences, nearly half of the patients preferred outpatient physical therapy program (45.9%), oral drugs (33.1%), inpatient physical therapy (20%), and home-based exercises (18%). The most common reasons for their preferences were previous benefits from treatment (54.4%), long-term effects (38%), easy access to treatment (33.1%) and concerns about side effects (28.9%). The mostly common reasons for their preferences were previous benefits from the treatment (54.4%), long-term positive effects of physical therapy (38%), easy access to the treatment (33.1%) and concerns about side effects of drugs (28.9%). Conclusion: Besides medical regimen, the results of this study showed that the patients preferred outpatient and inpatient physical therapy modalities, and home-based exercises programs. In the light of these findings, initiation of a new prescription (e.g., drugs or physical therapy modalities) in OA patients, previous treatment modalities, and approaches are suggested to be carefully reviewed by the clinician to anticipate and improve the adherence behavior to the new treatment.

Peer-led education or booklet for knowledge transfer about disease: A randomized-controlled trial with ankylosing spondylitis patients.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether peer-led group education + booklet is superior to booklet only to increase ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients' knowledge about their disease. Patients and methods: A total of 56 patients (46 males, 10 females; mean age 41.9±9.2 years; range, 22 to 58 years) with a definite diagnosis of AS who were under follow-up in our outpatient clinic between August 2010 and January 2012 were included in this study. The patients were randomly allocated to the peer-led education + booklet (education group, n=27) and booklet only (control group, n=29). To assess the level of patients' knowledge, a patient knowledge questionnaire containing four domains was used. Evaluations were made at baseline, four weeks, and six months. The variables were "number of correct choices" (NoCC), "number of correct items" (NoCI) and percent of correct choices for each domain; the later one was resembled by the name of that domain (area A, area B, etc.). Results: The variables that improved in both groups were NoCC, NoCI, and "pharmacotherapy and physical therapy area" (area C). These improvements were similar between the groups (respectively, p=0.915, p=0.830, p=0.791). Conclusion: Reading a booklet alone is as successful as peer-led education + booklet for knowledge transfer about their disease in patients with AS. In this study, the most knowledge gain was achieved in "drug treatment and physical therapy" area.

Environmental characteristics of older people attending physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinics.

OBJECTIVE: A residential environment refers to the physical and social characteristics in a neighbourhood. The physical characteristics include interior housing qualities, exterior neighbourhood characteristics, and the accessibility of essential facilities and services outside the neighbourhood. Older adults especially may be vulnerable to the negative impacts of the residential environment. The aim of this study is to elucidate the problems ageing people face in their neighbourhoods, buildings and public areas. METHODS: The study group consisted of a total of 1,001 people over the age of 65 who were admitted to physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics in Turkey and consented to participate. A questionnaire covering demographic, social and environmental information was used. RESULTS: Of the study group, 58.6% was living in an apartment building, but only 23.6% of these buildings had an elevator, and the stairs were inconvenient in 46.7% of the buildings. Only 49% of the elderly people went for a walk regularly. The most frequent complaint about the hospitals, community health centres and other public areas was the inappropriate restroom conditions. Eighty-six percent of the study group were not members of an organization, a foundation or a group, and 73.6% did not have personal hobbies. CONCLUSIONS: The layouts of buildings and surroundings are inappropriate for older people, and the opportunities for them to participate in social activities are limited. Health and social programmes and governmental and local policies for older people are needed, and public awareness about this issue should be raised.

2017 update of the Turkish League Against Rheumatism (TLAR) evidence-based recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis.

In a Turkish League Against Rheumatism (TLAR) project, evidence-based recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA) was developed for the first time in our country in 2012 (TLAR-2012). In accordance with developing medical knowledge and scientific evidence, recommendations were updated. The committee was composed of 22 physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists (4 have rheumatology subspeciality also) and an orthopaedic surgeon. Systematic literature search were applied on Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Turkish Medical Index for the dates between January the 1st 2012 and January the 29th of 2015. The articles were assessed for quality and classified according to hierarchy for the level of evidence, and the selected ones sent to committee members electronically. They were asked to develop new recommendations. In the meeting in 2015, the format of the recommendations was decided to be patient-based and considering the grade and the severity of the disease. By the discussion of the each item under the light of new evidences, the final recommendations were developed. Each item was voted electronically on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) and the strength of recommendation (SoR) was calculated. In the light of evidences, totally 11 titles of recommendations were developed; the first 7 were applicable to each patient in every stages of the disease, remaining were for defined specific clinical situations. The mean SoR value of the recommendations was between 7.44 and 9.93. TLAR-2012 recommendations were updated in a new format. We think that, present recommendations will be beneficial for the physicians who manage, as well as the patients who suffer from the disease.

Impact of peer-led group education on the quality of life in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of peer-led group education on the quality of life and depression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: Eighty patients with definite AS were allocated randomly to either the education or control group. The education group (n = 40) was subjected to a peer-led group education program about disease and was given an educational booklet, while the control group (n = 40) was given the educational booklet only. Levels of quality of life and depression were measured at baseline, immediately after education (fourth week) and at 6 months in both groups. RESULTS: The results are based on 56 (n = 27, education group; n = 29, control group) patients. The level of quality of life and depressive symptoms were not changed except for a deterioration in the social functioning subgroup of Short From (SF)-36 in both groups. When the groups were compared, there were no significant differences between changes in social functioning scores. CONCLUSIONS: Peer-led education did not alter quality of life levels and depression scores. However, because of the maintainance of quality of life levels, this type of intervention may be considered as a supplementary intervention to the standard medical care for management of AS.

Impact of the training on the compliance and persistence of weekly bisphosphonate treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled study.

Long-term patient adherence to osteoporosis treatment is poor despite proven efficacy. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of active patient training on treatment compliance and persistence in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the present national, multicenter, randomized controlled study, postmenopausal osteoporosis patients (45-75 years) who were on weekly bisphosphonate treatment were randomized to active training (AT) and passive training (PT) groups and followed-up by 4 visits after the initial visit at 3 months interval during 12 months of the treatment. Both groups received a bisphosphonate usage guide and osteoporosis training booklets. Additionally, AT group received four phone calls (at 2(nd), 5(th), 8(th), and 11(th) months) and participated to four interactive social/training meetings held in groups of 10 patients (at 3(rd), 6(th), 9(th), and 12(th) months). The primary evaluation criteria were self-reported persistence and compliance to the treatment and the secondary evaluation criteria was quality life of the patients assessed by 41-item Quality of Life European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO-41) questionnaire. Of 448 patients (mean age 62.4±7.7 years), 226 were randomized to AT group and 222 were randomized to PT group. Among the study visits, the most common reason for not receiving treatment regularly was forgetfulness (54.9% for visit 2, 44.3% for visit 3, 51.6% for visit 4, and 43.8% for visit 5), the majority of the patients always used their drugs regularly on recommended days and dosages (63.8% for visit 2, 60.9% for visit 3, 72.1% for visit 4, and 70.8% for visit 5), and most of the patients were highly satisfied with the treatment (63.4% for visit 2, 68.9% for visit 3, 72.4% for visit 4, and 65.2% for visit 5) and wanted to continue to the treatment (96.5% for visit 2, 96.5% for visit 3, 96.9% for visit 4, and 94.4% for visit 5). QUALEFFO scores of the patients in visit 1 significantly improved in visit 5 (37.7±25.4 vs. 34.0±14.6, p<0.001); however, the difference was not significant between AT and PT groups both in visit 1 and visit 5. In conclusion, in addition to active training, passive training provided at the 1(st) visit did not improve the persistence and compliance of the patients for bisphosphonate treatment.

Effects of home-based exercise program on the functional status and the quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 1-year follow-up study.

We previously reported the efficacy of a 4-week home-based exercise therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether short-term improvements in the functional status and quality of life were maintained at 1 year. Patients who completed 4-week home-based exercise program were advised to maintain the same exercises for 1 year duration. Changes of functional status and quality of life in patients with RA were evaluated by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life Scale (RAQoL). The change of the variables at the different time points (baseline, 4 weeks, and 1 year) was assessed by the repeated measure of ANOVA test with Geisser-Greenhouse correction. Pairwise ANOVA comparisons adjusted using the Bonferroni correction were conducted. Twenty-eight (63.6%) of 44 patients were available for follow-up at 1 year. The results of repeated measure ANOVA showed that there was a statistically significant difference between three assessments in the HAQ (P = 0.015) and RAQoL (P = 0.037) scores at the end of the follow-up. Improvements in the functional status and health-related quality of life at 4 weeks were maintained at 1-year follow-up. In conclusion, we observed significant improvements in the functional status and health-related quality of life by 4-week home-based exercise program. Furthermore, these improvements were maintained at 1-year follow-up. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of the home-based exercise therapy.

Determinants of quality of life (QoL) in elderly stroke patients: a short-term follow-up study.

The aim of this study was to determine the quality of life (QoL) at the third month after stroke and to identify the factors related with and determinants of QoL in geriatric stroke patients. Eighty of 122 patients who were assessed within the first week after stroke were reevaluated at the third month. Patients were divided into two groups as those of ≥65 years old (geriatric group) and those of <65 years old (non-geriatric group). The stroke severity, functional status, and ambulation level were assessed by the Canadian neurological scale (CNS), the functional independence measure (FIM), and the functional ambulation classification scale (FACS) within the first week of stroke, respectively. Depression and QoL levels were also determined at the third month using the Zung self-rating depression scale (ZDS) and both the Short Form-36 (SF-36) survey and the stroke-specific quality of life (SSQoL) scale, respectively. The QoL of 80 patients according to the SF-36 were lower than those of general population. No significant difference was found in stroke severity, functional status at baseline and third month, depression and QoL between geriatric and non-geriatric patients (p>0.05). The most influenced subscale of QoL was work/productivity in geriatric patients, and the main determinant of QoL was the functional status during the assessment. Stroke patients had an impaired QoL, and geriatric patients did not demonstrate a difference in terms of QoL compared to non-geriatric patients. The fact that the main determinant of QoL was functional status has been suggested that improving of physical function may be helpful to provide a better QoL for stroke patients.

Quality of life and related variables in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate quality of life (QoL) and related variables in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the spine. METHODS: Nine-hundred and sixty-two patients with AS from the Turkish League Against Rheumatism AS Registry, who fulfilled the modified New York criteria, were enrolled. The patients were evaluated using the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society core outcome domains including Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), fatigue (BASDAI-question 1), pain (last week/spine/due to AS), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index (BASRI), Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score (MASES) and two QoL questionnaires (the disease-specific ASQoL and generic the Short Form-36 [SF-36]). RESULTS: The mean ASQoL score was 7.1 ± 5.7. SF-36 subscales of general health, physical role and bodily pain had the poorest scores. ASQoL was strongly correlated with disease duration, BASDAI, fatigue, BASFI, BASMI, BASRI, MASES, pain and SF-36 subscales (P < 0.001). SF-36 subscales were also strongly correlated with BASDAI and BASFI. Advanced educational status and regular exercise habits positively affected QoL, while smoking negatively affected QoL. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AS, the most significant variables associated with QoL were BASDAI, BASFI, fatigue and pain. ASQoL was noted to be a short, rapid and simple patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument and strongly correlated with SF-36 subscales.

Inter-rater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale and modified Modified Ashworth Scale in assessing poststroke elbow flexor spasticity.

The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is commonly used in clinical practice for grading spasticity. However, it was modified recently by omitting grade '1+' of the MAS and redefining grade '2'. The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability of MAS and modified MAS (MMAS) for the assessment of poststroke elbow flexor spasticity. Sixty-four patients with poststroke hemiplegia were enrolled. The mean age and time since the stroke were 60.5 ± 11.9 years and 15.7 ± 10.2 weeks, respectively. The patients were tested by two raters having equal experience in applying MAS. They were not subjected to any training for administering MMAS. After performing no more than two test movements, the raters graded the resistance felt, according to the MAS and MMAS, respectively based on same stretch. The degree of agreement was analyzed using the weighted kappa (kw) statistic. Inter-rater agreements were very good for both MAS and MMAS, with weighted kappa values of 0.868 and 0.892, respectively. The highest agreements were observed for grade '0' in applying MAS and for grade '2' in applying MMAS; on the other hand, the lowest agreements were observed for grade '2' in applying MAS and for grade '3' in applying MMAS. According to our results, MAS and MMAS have very good inter-rater reliability for assessment of poststroke elbow flexor spasticity. Neither of the scales is superior to each other when using them to grade spasticity in patients with hemiplegia for this muscle group.

Foot deformities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the relationship with foot functions.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate foot deformities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to detect frequency of deformities and to assess the relationship between foot deformities and foot functions. METHODS: Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of 40 patients and 40 control subjects were studied. The hallux valgus (HV) angle, intermetatarsal angle between first and second metatarsals, intermetatarsal angle between first and fifth metatarsals, and calcaneal pitch were measured on radiographs. Foot functions were measured by the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). RESULTS: The frequency of foot deformities in RA patients was determined as 78.8%. The most frequent foot deformity in RA patients was HV (62.5%), followed by metatarsus primus varus (MPV) (41.3%). MPV and splaying of the forefoot deformities were significantly more frequent in RA patients than the control group (P < 0.05). Mild to moderate effect on FAOS subscales was observed in RA patients. There was a slight, but significant correlation between the foot deformities and the FAOS subscales except for quality of life subscale. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it has been shown that foot deformities are frequent in patients with RA and that there is slight deterioration in foot functions related to RA. Our results indicated that foot deformities have small, but clinically important changes on foot functions. There is a need for more studies, which evaluates the foot deformities, to further explore the relationship between the foot deformities and foot function in patients with RA.

Fatigue in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: relationships with disease-specific variables, depression, and sleep disturbance.

This study was designed to evaluate (a) the frequency of fatigue and its multi-dimensional nature, and (b) its association with demographic variables, disease-specific variables, and other variables, covering depression and sleep disturbance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sixty-two patients with AS were included in the study. Fatigue was assessed by the fatigue item of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF). While the disease activity was evaluated by the BASDAI, the functional state was assessed by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, metrological measurements by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, global well-being by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Global Score, the pain on rest by VAS (0-10 cm), sleep disturbance by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and depressive symptoms by Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Fifty percent of the patients had severe fatigue. Multi-dimensional assessment with MFSI-SF enabled us to identify fatigue in more detail. The disease-specific variables, covering pain, stiffness, disease activity, and physical functioning, contributed significantly with both BASDAI fatigue and MFSI-SF as dependent variables, accounting for 61.3% and 44.7% of the variance, respectively. Disease activity was the most powerful predictor of both single-dimensioned and multi-dimensioned fatigue. It was also found that the contribution of depression on fatigue was 12%. In conclusion, it was observed that half of the patients had severe fatigue, and multi-dimensional assessment was provided to understand specific aspects of fatigue better. Even though disease activity had a considerable effect on fatigue, the effects of psychogenic factors, especially depression, should be taken into consideration in the management of AS.

Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis may be associated with high endothelin-1.

AIM: We aimed to find out if there was any difference of the endothelin-1 (ET-1) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic healthy postmenopausal women and whether there were any associations between ET-1 and ADMA levels and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: A total of 75 healthy postmenopausal women were enrolled in the study. BMD was measured at lumbar spine (LS) and femur neck (FN). Serum ET-1 and ADMA levels were measured by ELISA. In this population, 41 (54%) women had BMD t-scores > or = 2.5 at the LS and/or FN defined as osteoporosis and 34 (46%) of them had normal BMDs (non-osteoporotic group). RESULTS: The mean value of ET-1 serum level in patients was 0.42 +/- 0.30, 0.28 +/- 0.12 fmol/ml in osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic groups, respectively (p = 0.018). In non-osteoporotic group, there was an only significant positive correlation was found between BMD (g/cm(2)) and total t-scores at the lumbar region and ET-1 level. In osteoporotic group, no correlation was found between BMD and total t-scores and ET-1 levels. Serum ADMA level was not significantly different between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ET-1 may be a physiologic regulator in non-osteoporotic healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporotic postmenopausal women had higher ET-1 levels than non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women. ADMA seems not to have effect on bone in postmenopausal women.

Validation of the Turkish version of the foot and ankle outcome score.

The objective is to develop a Turkish version of the foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS) and to investigate its validity and reliability. The Turkish version of FAOS was developed after the translation and back-translation. The translated version was pretested on 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Then, the Turkish FAOS was administered to 55 patients having foot and ankle problems. They were also evaluated by using the four subscales of the Turkish version of AIMS2, and the Turkish version of SF-36 questionnaire to test validity. Fifty patients filled out the FAOS for second time to determine test­retest reliability. Construct validity was investigated with use of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Test­retest reliability was assessed with use of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha score. The psychometric properties of the Turkish FAOS were generally similar to the original FAOS. The random ICC for the five subscales ranged from 0.70 to 0.96. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.79 to 0.97. Construct validity of the FAOS was good. The Turkish FAOS correlated with the SF-36 and AIMS2 scales. The Turkish version of FAOS was valid and reliable instrument to assess the foot and ankle related problems. However, to assess its responsiveness further studies are needed.

The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Rheumatoid and Arthritis Outcome Score (RAOS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The goal of our study was to develop a Turkish version of the Rheumatoid and Arthritis Outcome Score (RAOS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to assess its reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. The Turkish version of RAOS was developed according to cross-cultural guidelines by using the "translation-back translation" method. Fifty-eight patients with RA were assessed with it. To assess its validity, patients were also evaluated with Turkish versions of the Health Assessment Questionnaire, five subscales of Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales, and the Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life questionnaire. Test-retest reliability of the RAOS questionnaire was calculated on 58 patients within 1 week. Construct validity was investigated with use of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Test-retest reliability was assessed with use of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha score. Sensitivity to change after the 4-week home-based exercise program was evaluated with paired t test comparisons. The Turkish version of the RAOS met set criteria of reliability and validity. The random ICC for the five subscales ranged from 0.76 to 0.94. Interitem correlation measured by Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.81 to 0.94. Correlations were found between RAOS subscales and all of the evaluation parameters (p < 0.01). RAOS subscales showed significant improvements after the 4-week home exercise program except for the symptom and quality of life subscales (p < 0.05). The effect sizes were ranged from 0.20 to 0.37 and were considered small. The results of this study showed that the Turkish version of RAOS was reliable, valid, and responsive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The effect of strontium ranelate on serum insulin like growth factor-1 and leptin levels in osteoporotic post-menopausal women: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of strontium ranelate on insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), leptin and osteocalcin levels in osteoporotic post-menopausal women. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-three women were given 2 g/day strontium ranelate for 6 months. Serum IGF-1, leptin and osteocalcin levels were measured before and after the treatment. RESULTS: Strontium ranelate treatment increased IGF-1 levels significantly (P = 0.02). Leptin and osteocalcin levels did not change significantly before and after the treatment. There was no correlation between basal and 6-months treatment levels of IGF-1 and leptin. CONCLUSION: Strontium ranelate increases serum IGF-1 levels in osteoporotic post-menopausal women.

Comorbidity in patients after stroke: impact on functional outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of comorbid diseases and their impact on functional outcome in patients after stroke. DESIGN: A prospective study. SUBJECTS: A total of 140 patients after stroke. METHODS: Comorbidities were assessed with the Liu comorbidity index. Functional independence was evaluated using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). The relationship between comorbidities and functional outcomes were investigated. The impact of comorbidities on functional outcome was examined with multiple stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-four (67%) of 140 patients completed the study. The most frequent comorbid condition was hypertension at the initial visit. The weighted comorbidity index at baseline was negatively correlated with the follow-up FIM score and functional gain. Multiple regression analysis revealed that follow-up FIM score could be best explained by FIM at admission and the contribution of the weighted comorbidity index to functional outcome was 3.1%. CONCLUSION: Comorbid diseases are common among patients after stroke. They were shown to have a negative correlation with functional outcome; however, their impact on functional outcome was not clear. The proper evaluation of comorbid conditions should be included in stroke outcome research.

Relationship between the severity of enthesitis and clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the severity of enthesitis and outcome of measurement indices, clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Thirty-three patients who fulfilled the modified New York criteria for AS were included in this study. Patients were asked to record the severity of current pain, night pain and morning stiffness on a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Stoke Enthesitis Index (SEI) was used to measure the severity of enthesitis. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) were calculated. SEI was correlated positively only with BASDAI (r = 0.370, P = 0.034). There was no relation between SEI and laboratory parameters (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C Reactive Protein). Our data suggest that using an enthesitis index such as SEI can be a valuable tool in the evaluation of disease activity in patients with AS. However, evaluation of enthesitis severity is based on information given by patient and should be combined with objective parameters such as spinal measurements when assessing disease activity.

Serum leptin levels in rheumatoid arthritis and relationship with disease activity.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate serum leptin levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and investigate the correlation with serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity. METHODS: Fifty patients with RA and 34 control subjects were included. Disease activity score 28 (DAS28) was calculated for each patient. Laboratory activity was assessed by examining erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Immunoradiometric assay was used for measuring serum leptin levels (ng/mL). Serum TNF-alpha levels (pg/mL) were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method in 41 of 50 RA patients and in 24 control subjects. RESULTS: Age, sex and body mass index (BMI) did not show a statistically significant difference between RA and control subjects (P > 0.05). Serum leptin levels were higher in RA (P = 0.000). In RA patients, there were no correlations between serum leptin levels and disease duration, swollen and tender joint counts, DAS28, CRP, ESR, serum TNF-alpha levels, oral glucocorticoid and methotrexate usage (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant serum leptin level difference between patients with high disease activity and mild and low disease activity (P = 0.892). Serum leptin levels positively correlated with BMI in both patient and control groups (P < 0.05). In both groups, mean serum leptin levels were higher in women than men. CONCLUSIONS: Even though serum leptin levels were found to be significantly higher in RA patients than in control subjects in this study, there was no correlation between serum leptin levels and TNF-alpha levels, clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity. However serum leptin levels positively correlated with BMI in both patient and control groups. In RA, circulating leptin levels do not seem to reflect disease activity.

The relationship between severity and extent of spinal involvement and spinal mobility and physical functioning in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between spinal radiological changes of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), spinal mobility, and physical functioning. Thirty-one patients diagnosed as AS according to the modified New York criteria for AS were included in this study. Three radiographic scoring methods were used to assess spinal damage. Severity of spinal involvement was assessed by using Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (SASSS) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiographic Index-Spine (BASRI-S). To assess the extent of spinal involvement, the total number of vertebrae showing radiological findings attributable to AS [number of vertebrae involved (NoVI)] was calculated according to the AS grading system defined by Braun et al. Statistical analysis, consisting of bivariate correlation, Spearman correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis, was performed using Windows Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 13.0. NoVI was negatively correlated with modified Schober and lateral spinal flexion and was positively correlated with occiput-to-wall distance and BASMI. SASSS was negatively correlated with the modified Schober. BASRI-S was negatively correlated with the modified Schober and positively correlated with BASMI. When BASMI and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index were taken as dependent variables, only the NoVI was found to be associated with BASMI. In our data, the extent of spinal involvement (NoVI) showed a more significant correlation with spinal measurements such as modified Schober and BASMI as compared with the other radiologic scores (SASSS and BASRI-S). Furthermore, because only the NoVI was found to be associated with BASMI, we can conclude that the extent of spinal involvement, which also includes thoracic vertebrae, affects spinal measurements.